Fate of organohalogens in US wastewater treatment plants and estimated chemical releases to soils nationwide from biosolids recycling.
Fate of organohalogens in US wastewater treatment plants and estimated chemical releases to soils nationwide from biosolids recycling.
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美国废水处理厂中有机卤素的归宿以及生物固体回收过程中向全国土壤释放的化学物质的估计。
DOI：
10.1039/b914324f
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发表时间：
2009-12
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Halden, Rolf U.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Heidler, Jochen;Halden, Rolf U.
本研究考察了11种芳香杀菌剂、杀虫剂和降解物在废水中的出现情况，以及它们在通过美国处理厂的过程中的命运，以及用于土地利用的污水污泥（生物固体）中所含的化学物质。采用液相色谱-电喷雾（串联）质谱法测定了美国18个州25个设施的废水、流出物和污泥中的分析物浓度。在所有类型的样品中均发现了二氯氰胺、氟虫腈、三氯卡班和三氯生。二氯苯、六氯苯和四氯苯胺的检出频率较低，苯脲类农药二氟苯脲、六氟脲和利努隆的浓度在所有基质中均低于检出限。进水中可量化化合物的中位浓度（±95%置信区间）从三氯卡班的4.2±0.8µg L−1到氟虫腈的0.03±0.01µg L−1。出水中位浓度最高的是三氯卡班和三氯生（分别为0.23±0.08µg L−1和0.07±0.04µg L−1）。活性污泥处理厂的水相去除率中位数（±95% CI）依次为：三氯生（96±2%）>三氯卡班（87±7%）>二氯脲（55±20%）>氟虫腈（18±22%）。厌氧消化污泥中有机卤素的中位数浓度通常高于好氧消化污泥，三氯卡班和三氯生的峰值分别为27,600±9,600µg kg - 1和15,800±8,200µg kg - 1。在6个采用厌氧消化的活性污泥处理厂获得的3种主要农药的质量平衡表明，总体持久性从氟虫腈（97±70%）下降到三氯卡班（87±29%）和三氯生（28±30%）。所调查的有机卤素在全国范围内通过城市污泥回收和地表水释放到农业用地的总量估计为258,000±110,000 kg /年（平均值±95%置信区间），其中大部分来自日常使用的抗菌消费品。这项研究解决了国家研究委员会在2002年关于生物固体在陆地上应用的标准和实践的研究中发现的一些数据缺口。
This study examined the occurrence in wastewater of 11 aromatic biocides, pesticides and degradates, and their fate during passage through U.S. treatment plants, as well as the chemical mass contained in sewage sludge (biosolids) destined for land application. Analyte concentrations in wastewater influent, effluent and sludge from 25 facilities in 18 U.S. states were determined by liquid chromatography electrospray (tandem) mass spectrometry. Dichlorocarbanilide, fipronil, triclocarban, and triclosan were found consistently in all sample types. Dichlorophene, hexachlorophene, and tetrachlorocarbanilide were detected infrequently only, and concentrations of the phenyl urea pesticides diflubenzuron, hexaflumuron, and linuron were below the limit of detection in all matrixes. Median concentrations (± 95% confidence interval) of quantifiable compounds in influent ranged from 4.2 ± 0.8 µg L−1 for triclocarban to 0.03 ± 0.01 µg L−1 for fipronil. Median concentrations in effluent were highest for triclocarban and triclosan (0.23 ± 0.08 and 0.07 ± 0.04 µg L−1, respectively). Median aqueous-phase removal efficiencies (± 95% CI) of activated sludge treatment plants decreased in the order of: triclosan (96 ± 2%) > triclocarban (87 ± 7%) > dichlorocarbanilide (55 ± 20%) > fipronil (18 ± 22%). Median concentrations of organohalogens were typically higher in anaerobically than in aerobically digested sludges, and peaked at 27,600 ± 9,600 and 15,800 ± 8,200 µg kg−1 for triclocarban and triclosan, respectively. Mass balances obtained for three primary pesticides in six activated sludge treatment plants employing anaerobic digestion suggested a decreasing overall persistence from fipronil (97 ± 70%) to triclocarban (87 ± 29%) to triclosan (28 ± 30%). Nationwide release of the investigated organohalogens to agricultural land via municipal sludge recycling and into surface waters is estimated to total 258,000 ± 110,00 kg yr−1 (mean ± 95% confidence interval), with most of this mass derived from antimicrobial consumer products of daily use. This study addresses some of the data gaps identified by the National Research Council in its 2002 study on standards and practices of biosolids application on land.
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影响因子：
11.4
作者：
Barber, LB;Keefe, SH;Wass, RD
通讯作者：
Wass, RD
影响因子：
11.4
作者：
Halden, RU;Paull, DH
通讯作者：
Paull, DH
影响因子：
8.8
作者：
Heidler, Jochen;Halden, Rolf U.
通讯作者：
Halden, Rolf U.
影响因子：
2
作者：
Lee, HB;Peart, TE
通讯作者：
Peart, TE
影响因子：
11.4
作者：
Kolpin, DW;Furlong, ET;Buxton, HT
通讯作者：
Buxton, HT