Large scale mitochondrial sequencing in Mexican Americans suggests a reappraisal of Native American origins.
Large scale mitochondrial sequencing in Mexican Americans suggests a reappraisal of Native American origins.
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DOI：
10.1186/1471-2148-11-293
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发表时间：
2011-10-07
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Curran JE
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kumar S;Bellis C;Zlojutro M;Melton PE;Blangero J;Curran JE
美洲原住民的亚洲血统在很大程度上被接受。然而，关于亚洲的源人口、创始群体的分化和到达时间、扩张事件的数量以及进入新世界的迁徙路线等方面的不确定性仍然存在。在过去的二十年中提出的mtDNA数据被用来提出一个单一的迁移模型，其中白令陆桥地块起着重要的作用。在我们对568个线粒体基因组的分析中，使用两种不同的突变率计算美洲原住民和西伯利亚-亚洲血统之间共有根的合并年龄估计为A4(27.5±6.8 kya/22.7±7.4 kya), C1(21.4±2.7 kya/16.4±1.5 kya), C4（21.0±4.6 kya/20.0±6.4 kya）和D4e1（24.1±9.0 kya/17.9±10.0 kya）。使用相同的两个突变率（A2:19.5±1.3 kya/16.1±1.5 kya, B2:20.8±2.0 kya/18.1±2.4 kya, C1:21.4±2.7 kya/16.4±1.5 kya和D1:17.2±2.0 kya/14.9±2.2 kya）计算的泛美洲单倍群的合并年龄估计以及美洲人口扩张估计（~21-16 kya），支持克洛斯人占领新大陆之前。美洲A2、B2、D1单倍群和C1的C1b、C1c和c1d亚单倍群的亚谱系的系统地理学是复杂的，并且主要是地理上的北美、中美洲和南美洲特有的。然而，在扩张到美国之前，美国创始人单倍群中已经存在一些分支（B2b, C1b, C1c， C1d和D1f）。我们的研究结果表明，美洲土著创始人在末次盛冰期（LGM）的某个时候从他们的西伯利亚-亚洲祖先中分离出来，并在LGM高峰（~20-16 kya）后不久扩展到美洲。C1单倍群的系统地理学表明，这一美洲创始单倍群在西伯利亚-亚洲发生了分化。单倍群B2的情况不太清楚，但单倍群A2和D1可能在美洲原住民创始人分化后不久就分化了。在扩张之前，美国创始人数量的适度瓶颈最有可能导致美国的创始人类型很少。对北美、中美洲和南美洲的多样性指数和贝叶斯天际线分析的相似估计表明，这些地理区域几乎同时（从南美到北美~ 2.0 ky）被殖民化，人口迅速扩张，在泛美洲单倍群中分化成或多或少的区域分支。
The Asian origin of Native Americans is largely accepted. However uncertainties persist regarding the source population(s) within Asia, the divergence and arrival time(s) of the founder groups, the number of expansion events, and migration routes into the New World. mtDNA data, presented over the past two decades, have been used to suggest a single-migration model for which the Beringian land mass plays an important role. In our analysis of 568 mitochondrial genomes, the coalescent age estimates of shared roots between Native American and Siberian-Asian lineages, calculated using two different mutation rates, are A4 (27.5 ± 6.8 kya/22.7 ± 7.4 kya), C1 (21.4 ± 2.7 kya/16.4 ± 1.5 kya), C4 (21.0 ± 4.6 kya/20.0 ± 6.4 kya), and D4e1 (24.1 ± 9.0 kya/17.9 ± 10.0 kya). The coalescent age estimates of pan-American haplogroups calculated using the same two mutation rates (A2:19.5 ± 1.3 kya/16.1 ± 1.5 kya, B2:20.8 ± 2.0 kya/18.1 ± 2.4 kya, C1:21.4 ± 2.7 kya/16.4 ± 1.5 kya and D1:17.2 ± 2.0 kya/14.9 ± 2.2 kya) and estimates of population expansions within America (~21-16 kya), support the pre-Clovis occupation of the New World. The phylogeography of sublineages within American haplogroups A2, B2, D1 and the C1b, C1c andC1d subhaplogroups of C1 are complex and largely specific to geographical North, Central and South America. However some sub-branches (B2b, C1b, C1c, C1d and D1f) already existed in American founder haplogroups before expansion into the America. Our results suggest that Native American founders diverged from their Siberian-Asian progenitors sometime during the last glacial maximum (LGM) and expanded into America soon after the LGM peak (~20-16 kya). The phylogeography of haplogroup C1 suggest that this American founder haplogroup differentiated in Siberia-Asia. The situation is less clear for haplogroup B2, however haplogroups A2 and D1 may have differentiated soon after the Native American founders divergence. A moderate population bottle neck in American founder populations just before the expansion most plausibly resulted in few founder types in America. The similar estimates of the diversity indices and Bayesian skyline analysis in North America, Central America and South America suggest almost simultaneous (~ 2.0 ky from South to North America) colonization of these geographical regions with rapid population expansion differentiating into more or less regional branches across the pan-American haplogroups.
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影响因子：
9.8
作者：
Drummond AJ;Ho SY;Phillips MJ;Rambaut A
通讯作者：
Rambaut A
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.171305898
发表时间：
2001-08-14
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Brace, CL;Nelson, AR;Tumen, D
通讯作者：
Tumen, D
影响因子：
2.6
作者：
Excoffier, Laurent;Laval, Guillaume;Schneider, Stefan
通讯作者：
Schneider, Stefan
影响因子：
9.8
作者：
Brown, MD;Hosseini, SH;Wallace, DC
通讯作者：
Wallace, DC
影响因子：
10.7
作者：
Drummond, Alexei J.;Suchard, Marc A.;Rambaut, Andrew
通讯作者：
Rambaut, Andrew