Periodontal Pathogens' strategies disarm neutrophils to promote dysregulated inflammation.
Periodontal Pathogens' strategies disarm neutrophils to promote dysregulated inflammation.
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DOI：
10.1111/omi.12321
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发表时间：
2021-04
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Uriarte SM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Miralda I;Uriarte SM
牙周炎是一种不可逆的慢性炎症性疾病，其中嗜炎致病性微生物群落积聚在牙龈间隙。中性粒细胞是先天宿主对抗细菌挑战的主要组成部分，在稳态条件下，它们的杀微生物功能通常可以保护宿主免受牙周炎的侵袭。然而，一些牙周病原体发展了生存策略，以逃避中性粒细胞杀灭微生物的功能，同时促进炎症，这为细菌生长提供了营养来源。对牙周病原体的研究主要集中在几个已确定的物种上：连翘单宁菌、密螺旋体、核梭菌、放线菌聚集菌和牙龈卟啉单胞菌。然而，独立培养技术的进步促进了牙周病变中新的细菌种类的鉴定，例如两种革兰氏阳性厌氧菌，嗜酸丝状菌和胃厌氧菌，其致病潜力的表征尚未得到充分描述。此外，对牙周病变中大量存在的微生物对中性粒细胞的致病机制还没有充分的了解。这对开发预防或改善这种疾病的新方法构成了重大障碍。在这篇综述中，我们首先总结了中性粒细胞功能受上述确定的牙周病原体的影响，表示未知的领域，仍然值得进一步研究。然后，我们回顾了中性粒细胞的功能和新出现的牙周病原体，F. alocis和P. stomatis的文献，比较了新出现的微生物与已确定的病原体的影响，并推测这些假定的病原体对牙周病进展的贡献。中性粒细胞通常在维持口腔内的稳态中起着关键作用，但现有和新出现的牙周病原体都逃避和操纵中性粒细胞的功能机制，以启动和维持导致牙周炎的炎症循环。在这里，我们回顾了现有的和新出现的牙周病原体对每种中性粒细胞功能的影响，并将异常中性粒细胞表型与牙周炎的发病机制联系起来。
Periodontitis is an irreversible, chronic inflammatory disease where inflammophilic pathogenic microbial communities accumulate in the gingival crevice. Neutrophils are a major component of the innate host response against bacterial challenge, and under homeostatic conditions, their microbicidal functions typically protect the host against periodontitis. However, a number of periodontal pathogens developed survival strategies to evade neutrophil microbicidal functions while promoting inflammation, which provides a source of nutrients for bacterial growth. Research on periodontal pathogens has largely focused on a few established species: Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. However, advances in culture‐independent techniques have facilitated the identification of new bacterial species in periodontal lesions, such as the two Gram‐positive anaerobes, Filifactor alocis and Peptoanaerobacter stomatis, whose characterization of pathogenic potential has not been fully described. Additionally, there is not a full understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms used against neutrophils by organisms that are abundant in periodontal lesions. This presents a substantial barrier to the development of new approaches to prevent or ameliorate the disease. In this review, we first summarize the neutrophil functions affected by the established periodontal pathogens listed above, denoting unknown areas that still merit a closer look. Then, we review the literature on neutrophil functions and the emerging periodontal pathogens, F. alocis and P. stomatis, comparing the effects of the emerging microbes to that of established pathogens, and speculate on the contribution of these putative pathogens to the progression of periodontal disease. Neutrophils normally play a critical role in maintaining homeostasis in the oral cavity, but both established and emerging periodontal pathogens evade and manipulate neutrophil functional mechanisms to initiate and maintain a cycle of inflammation that results in periodontitis. Here, we review the effect of established and emerging periodontal pathogens on each neutrophil function and link the aberrant neutrophil phenotype to the pathogenesis of periodontitis.
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