Quantifying hierarchy and dynamics in US faculty hiring and retention.
Quantifying hierarchy and dynamics in US faculty hiring and retention.
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DOI：
10.1038/s41586-022-05222-x
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发表时间：
2022-10
期刊：
影响因子：
64.8
通讯作者：
Larremore, Daniel B.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wapman, K. Hunter;Zhang, Sam;Clauset, Aaron;Larremore, Daniel B.
教师的聘用和保留决定了美国学术劳动力的构成，并直接影响教育成果、职业、思想的发展和传播以及研究重点。然而，招聘和保留是动态的，反映了社会和学术的优先事项、代际更替以及根据性别、种族和社会经济界线使教授多样化的努力。对美国教授的结构和动态进行全面研究，将阐明这些努力的影响，以及更广泛地塑造学术的过程。在这里，我们分析了2011-2020年间所有授予博士学位的美国大学的终身教职教师的学术就业和博士教育情况，量化了教师产出、声望、留任和性别方面的严重不平等。我们的分析显示了普遍存在的不平等现象，即少数大学提供了跨领域的绝大多数教师，这种不平等现象因人员流失模式和陡峭的声望等级而加剧。我们发现，在美国以外接受培训或受雇于其博士大学的教师中，流失率明显较高。我们的研究结果表明，在过去十年中，女性代表人数的增加是由于人口更替和早期招聘的变化，不太可能导致大多数领域的长期性别平等。这些分析量化了美国教师招聘和保留的动态，并将支持改善美国学术队伍的组织、组成和学术水平的努力。对2011年至2020年所有授予博士学位的美国大学教师的学术就业和博士教育的分析表明，少数大学（20.4%）提供了绝大多数教师（80.0%）。
Faculty hiring and retention determine the composition of the US academic workforce and directly shape educational outcomes, careers, the development and spread of ideas and research priorities. However, hiring and retention are dynamic, reflecting societal and academic priorities, generational turnover and efforts to diversify the professoriate along gender, racial and socioeconomic lines. A comprehensive study of the structure and dynamics of the US professoriate would elucidate the effects of these efforts and the processes that shape scholarship more broadly. Here we analyse the academic employment and doctoral education of tenure-track faculty at all PhD-granting US universities over the decade 2011–2020, quantifying stark inequalities in faculty production, prestige, retention and gender. Our analyses show universal inequalities in which a small minority of universities supply a large majority of faculty across fields, exacerbated by patterns of attrition and reflecting steep hierarchies of prestige. We identify markedly higher attrition rates among faculty trained outside the United States or employed by their doctoral university. Our results indicate that gains in women’s representation over this decade result from demographic turnover and earlier changes made to hiring, and are unlikely to lead to long-term gender parity in most fields. These analyses quantify the dynamics of US faculty hiring and retention, and will support efforts to improve the organization, composition and scholarship of the US academic workforce. An analysis of the academic employment and doctoral education of faculty members at all PhD-granting US universities from 2011 to 2020 shows that a small minority of universities (20.4%) supply a large majority of faculty members (80.0%).
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