The fallacy of perfect regulatory controls: Lessons from database surveillance of migration in West Germany from the 1950s to the 1970s

The fallacy of perfect regulatory controls: Lessons from database surveillance of migration in West Germany from the 1950s to the 1970s
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完美监管控制的谬误:20世纪50年代至1970年代西德移民数据库监控的教训

DOI:
10.1111/rego.12364
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发表时间:
2020
影响因子:
3
通讯作者:
Badenhoop E
Badenhoop E
中科院分区:
管理学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Badenhoop E

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监视研究长期以来一直认为,电子数据库旨在最大限度地发挥国家监视作用,作为“超级圆形监狱”或“监视组合”。但数据库在实践中是如何实施的,它们是否真的增强了控制力?本文通过研究德国中央外国人登记处(Ausländerzentralregister[AZR])的案例来解决这些问题。 AZR 成立于 1953 年,是西方自由世界最早的移民数据库之一,至今仍然是德国移民控制体系的支柱。通过分析 20 世纪 50 年代到 1970 年代(该数据库被引入、扩展和自动化,同时仍然相对不受法律或公共限制的时期)的内部部委记录,本文探讨了数据库是否或如何增强国家控制。我认为 AZR 没有提供其预期的“完美监视”;相反,它带来了重大的官僚和政治挑战以及一系列故障。该案例研究证实,数据库监控,例如 20 世纪 70 年代的德国 AZR 和今天的欧洲数据库,取决于三个基本条件:对数据使用的共同期望、数据供应方面的合作以及数据存储和维护的能力。此外,数据库还具有额外的象征功能,即确保现代主权国家权力的自我想象。
Surveillance studies have long argued that electronic databases are designed to maximize state surveillance as a “superpanopticon” or “surveillant assemblage.” But how are databases being implemented in practice, and do they actually enhance control? This article addresses these questions by examining the case of the German Central Foreigners Register (Ausländerzentralregister[AZR]). Established in 1953, the AZR was one of the first databases on migrants in the western liberal world, and remains a pillar of Germany's migration control system today. By analyzing internal ministerial records from the 1950s to the 1970s – the time when this database was introduced, expanded, and automatized while still relatively free from legal or public constraints – this article examines whether, or how, databases enhance state control. I argue that the AZR did not provide the “perfect surveillance” it was intended to deliver; rather, it produced major bureaucratic and political challenges and a series of malfunctions. This case study confirms that database surveillance, such as the German AZR in the 1970s and European databases today, depends on three basic conditions: shared expectations regarding data usages, cooperation in data supply, and capacities of data storage and maintenance. Moreover, databases serve the additional symbolic function of reassuring the self‐imagination of sovereign, modern state power.
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