Modulating social behavior with oxytocin: how does it work? What does it mean?
Modulating social behavior with oxytocin: how does it work? What does it mean?
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DOI：
10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.12.003
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发表时间：
2012-03
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
Winkielman, Piotr
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Churchland, Patricia S.;Winkielman, Piotr
关键词：
催产素在身体和大脑中的众多作用中，影响社会行为。无论是在神经生物学、社会神经科学和大脑进化等更广泛的理论背景下，还是在焦虑症、精神分裂症和自闭症等疾病的临床背景下，理解这种影响的确切性质都是至关重要的。由于催产素在身体和大脑中释放，并与其他激素和神经调节剂相互作用，研究催产素在人类社会行为中的作用是困难的。额外的困难是由于血脑屏障的复杂性和催产素的不稳定性，这造成了测量问题。关于如何解释操纵催产素的人类实验的行为结果的问题因此变得更加紧迫。本文讨论了几个这样的问题。我们强调了一些尚未解决的基本问题，如鼻内注射催产素究竟发生了什么，这种催产素是否真的到达了大脑中适当的受体，以及观察到的行为效果是由中枢还是外周影响造成的。我们还强调了更深层次的概念问题，即人类数据是否应该被狭义地解释为暗示催产素在复杂的社会认知中的特定作用，如慷慨、信任或心理化，或者更广泛地解释为暗示对一般状态和倾向的较低水平的一般影响，如焦虑和社会动机。通过几项有影响力的研究，我们展示了在适当的社会和研究环境中，催产素的广泛影响被引导到特定的社会行为中，如何通过一个过程出现看似特定的、更高层次的社会认知效应。
Among its many roles in body and brain, oxytocin influences social behavior. Understanding the precise nature of this influence is crucial, both within the broader theoretical context of neurobiology, social neuroscience and brain evolution, but also within a clinical context of disorders such as anxiety, schizophrenia, and autism. Research exploring oxytocin’s role in human social behavior is difficult owing to its release in both body and brain and its interactive effects with other hormones and neuromodulators. Additional difficulties are due to the intricacies of the blood-brain barrier and oxytocin’s instability, which creates measurement issues. Questions concerning how to interpret behavioral results of human experiments manipulating oxytocin are thus made all the more pressing. The current paper discusses several such questions. We highlight unresolved fundamental issues about what exactly happens when oxytocin is administered intranasally, whether such oxytocin does in fact reach appropriate receptors in brain, and whether central or peripheral influences account for the observed behavioral effects. We also highlight the deeper conceptual issue of whether the human data should be narrowly interpreted as implicating a specific role for oxytocin in complex social cognition, such a generosity, trust, or mentalizing, or more broadly interpreted as implicating a lower-level general effect on general states and dispositions, such as anxiety and social motivation. Using several influential studies, we show how seemingly specific, higher-level social-cognitive effects can emerge via a process by which oxytocin’s broad influence is channeled into a specific social behavior in a context of an appropriate social and research setting.
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