Changing heat-related mortality in the United States.

Changing heat-related mortality in the United States.
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DOI:
10.1289/ehp.6336
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发表时间:
2003-11
影响因子:
10.4
通讯作者:
Novicoff WM
Novicoff WM
中科院分区:
环境科学与生态学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Davis RE;Knappenberger PC;Michaels PJ;Novicoff WM

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高温是美国与天气有关的主要死因。增加的热量和湿度,至少部分与人为气候变化有关,表明与热有关的死亡率可能会长期增加。我们计算了1964年至1998年美国28个主要大都市地区表观温度(一个结合空气温度和湿度的指数)超过阈值时的年超额死亡率。在28个城市中,有19个城市的热相关死亡率随着时间的推移显著下降。对于28个城市的平均水平,在20世纪60年代和70年代,每年有41.0 +/- 4.8(平均值+/- SE)与过热相关的死亡(每百万标准),17.3 +/- 2.7在20世纪80年代,10.5 +/- 2.0在20世纪90年代。在20世纪60年代和70年代,几乎所有的研究城市在高表观温度的日子里都表现出明显高于正常水平的死亡率。在20世纪80年代,许多城市,特别是那些典型的炎热和潮湿的美国南部城市,没有出现过度死亡。在20世纪90年代,这种影响向北蔓延到内陆城市。随着时间的推移,大都市人口对高温和高湿度的系统性脱敏可以归因于一系列技术,基础设施和生物物理适应,包括空调的增加。
Heat is the primary weather-related cause of death in the United States. Increasing heat and humidity, at least partially related to anthropogenic climate change, suggest that a long-term increase in heat-related mortality could occur. We calculated the annual excess mortality on days when apparent temperatures--an index that combines air temperature and humidity--exceeded a threshold value for 28 major metropolitan areas in the United States from 1964 through 1998. Heat-related mortality rates declined significantly over time in 19 of the 28 cities. For the 28-city average, there were 41.0 +/- 4.8 (mean +/- SE) excess heat-related deaths per year (per standard million) in the 1960s and 1970s, 17.3 +/- 2.7 in the 1980s, and 10.5 +/- 2.0 in the 1990s. In the 1960s and 1970s, almost all study cities exhibited mortality significantly above normal on days with high apparent temperatures. During the 1980s, many cities, particularly those in the typically hot and humid southern United States, experienced no excess mortality. In the 1990s, this effect spread northward across interior cities. This systematic desensitization of the metropolitan populace to high heat and humidity over time can be attributed to a suite of technologic, infrastructural, and biophysical adaptations, including increased availability of air conditioning.
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