Shortfalls in the protection of persistent bull kelp forests in the USA

Shortfalls in the protection of persistent bull kelp forests in the USA
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美国持久性巨藻森林的保护不足

DOI:
10.1016/j.biocon.2023.110133
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发表时间:
2023
影响因子:
5.9
通讯作者:
Cavanaugh, Kyle C.
Cavanaugh, Kyle C.
中科院分区:
环境科学与生态学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Arafeh-Dalmau, Nur;Olguín-Jacobson, Carolina;Bell, Tom W.;Micheli, Fiorenza;Cavanaugh, Kyle C.

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海带林是地球上最具生产力的生态系统之一,提供关键的生态系统服务。尽管它们具有全球重要性,但它们在人类压力和气候变化面前的持久性是不确定的。我们提出了38年的季度卫星图像序列,绘制了沿美国西太平洋11度纬度的地表树冠形成海带(以牛海带为主,Nereocystis leutkeana)森林的分布和持久性。我们以海带冠层在时间序列中所占年数的比例来估算海带持久性,并评估了海带在海洋保护区(MPAs)中的代表性。虽然3.6%的海带栖息地得到了充分保护,10.1%得到了部分保护,但只有0.7%的高度持久性海带得到了充分保护,这可能是气候避难所的标志。从区域上看,在海洋保护区内得到充分保护的海带数量从加州中北部(8.0%)减少到俄勒冈州(5.9%)、加州北部(1.7%)和华盛顿州(0%)。2014-2016年海洋热浪过去五年后,加利福尼亚州的海带森林没有恢复(两个地区损失约90%),而俄勒冈州和华盛顿州的海带森林仍接近热浪前的值。北加州的低保护措施令人担忧,并可能加剧海带和相关物种对海洋热浪的脆弱性。要实现保护10%现有海带栖息地的目标,需要将海洋保护区的海带数量增加2.5倍。此外,我们提出保护高持久性海带是一种经济有效的方法,可以增加海洋保护区的代表性和有效性,以支持海带森林生态系统的气候适应能力。
Kelp forests are one of the most productive ecosystems on earth, providing critical ecosystem services. Despite their global importance, their persistence in the face of human pressure and climate change is uncertain. We present a 38-year quarterly time series of satellite imagery that maps the distribution and persistence of surface canopy-forming kelp (dominated by the bull kelp,Nereocystis leutkeana) forests along eleven degrees of latitude in the western Pacific of the USA. We estimate kelp persistence as the fraction of years occupied by kelp canopy in the time series and evaluate the representation of kelp in marine protected areas (MPAs). While 3.6 % of kelp habitat is fully protected and 10.1 % is partially protected, only 0.7 % of the highly persistent kelp which may be indicative of climate refugia are fully protected. Regionally, the amount of kelp fully protected inside MPAs decreases from Central Northern California (8.0 %) to Oregon (5.9 %), Northern California (1.7 %), and Washington (0 %). Five years after the 2014–2016 marine heatwaves, kelp forests did not recover in California (∼90 % loss for both regions), while Oregon and Washington remained near pre-heatwave values. The low amount of protection in Northern California is concerning and likely exacerbates the vulnerability of kelp and associated species to marine heatwaves. Meeting a target of protecting 10 % of existing kelp habitat will require a 2.5-fold increase in kelp representation in MPAs. Moreover, we propose protecting highly persistent kelp is a cost-effective approach to increase representation and efficacy of MPAs to support climate resilience of kelp forest ecosystems.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271477
发表时间: 2023
期刊: PLOS ONE
影响因子: 3.7
作者:
Bell, Tom C.;Cavanaugh, Kyle F.;Saccomanno, Vienna;Cavanaugh, Katherine;Houskeeper, Henry;Eddy, Norah;Schuetzenmeister, Falk;Rindlaub, Nathaniel;Gleason, Mary
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DOI: --
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发表时间: 2017-06
期刊: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2019.05.005
发表时间: 2019-08-01
影响因子: 5.9
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