The geometry of expertise.
The geometry of expertise.
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DOI：
10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00047
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发表时间：
2014
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
Sigman M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Leone MJ;Fernandez Slezak D;Cecchi GA;Sigman M
基于块和模板获取的专业知识理论提出了专家和新手之间感知的差异几何组织。这意味着专家表示较少受空间（欧几里得）邻近性的影响，而是可能由特定专业领域的结构和语法的内在关系决定。在这里，我们着手检验这个假设。我们使用了国际象棋领域，它已被广泛用作研究人类专业知识的工具。我们推断，对手棋子向特定方格的移动构成了外部提示，而玩家对这种“扰动”的反应应该揭示他对接近度的内部表征。我们假设新手玩家会倾向于将棋子移动到比专家更近的方格中。类似地，但现在就对象表示而言，我们假设弱玩家更有可能专注于特定的棋子，从而产生重复同一棋子的动作的动作序列。我们利用从互联网国际象棋服务器获得的大量数据。结果表明，相对于专家，较弱的玩家倾向于（1）在最近的棋盘位置进行连续移动，（2）更频繁地移动同一棋子，以及（3）更快地减少剩余棋子的数量，最有可能减少认知负荷和脑力劳动。这三个原则可能反映了复杂环境中专业知识对人类行为的影响。
Theories of expertise based on the acquisition of chunk and templates suggest a differential geometric organization of perception between experts and novices. It is implied that expert representation is less anchored by spatial (Euclidean) proximity and may instead be dictated by the intrinsic relation in the structure and grammar of the specific domain of expertise. Here we set out to examine this hypothesis. We used the domain of chess which has been widely used as a tool to study human expertise. We reasoned that the movement of an opponent piece to a specific square constitutes an external cue and the reaction of the player to this “perturbation” should reveal his internal representation of proximity. We hypothesized that novice players will tend to respond by moving a piece in closer squares than experts. Similarly, but now in terms of object representations, we hypothesized weak players will more likely focus on a specific piece and hence produce sequence of actions repeating movements of the same piece. We capitalized on a large corpus of data obtained from internet chess servers. Results showed that, relative to experts, weaker players tend to (1) produce consecutive moves in proximal board locations, (2) move more often the same piece and (3) reduce the number of remaining pieces more rapidly, most likely to decrease cognitive load and mental effort. These three principles might reflect the effect of expertise on human actions in complex setups.
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影响因子：
4.8
作者：
Bilalic, Merim;Turella, Luca;Grodd, Wolfgang
通讯作者：
Grodd, Wolfgang
影响因子：
3.5
作者：
Reingold, EM;Charness, N;Stampe, DM
通讯作者：
Stampe, DM
DOI：
10.1037/a0014499
发表时间：
2009-01-01
影响因子：
2.6
作者：
Kiesel, Andrea;Kunde, Wilfried;Hoffmann, Joachim
通讯作者：
Hoffmann, Joachim
影响因子：
4.1
作者：
Koster, Ernst H. W.;Crombez, Geert;Wiersema, Jan Roelf
通讯作者：
Wiersema, Jan Roelf
影响因子：
2.6
作者：
Fox E;Russo R;Dutton K
通讯作者：
Dutton K