The organizational-activational hypothesis as the foundation for a unified theory of sexual differentiation of all mammalian tissues.
The organizational-activational hypothesis as the foundation for a unified theory of sexual differentiation of all mammalian tissues.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.03.011
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发表时间：
2009-05
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
Arnold AP
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Arnold AP
1959年，菲尼克斯等人发表了这篇论文。是研究大脑性别分化的一个重要转折点。这项研究表明，在发育的早期关键时期，性行为上的性别差异，进而在大脑中的性别差异，会被睾丸分泌的睾酮永久地区分开来。这项研究将大脑与其他主要的性二态组织(外生殖器和生殖道)放在一起，并提出了所有这些非性腺组织的性分化的综合荷尔蒙理论。自1959年以来，组织激活理论经过了修改，但仍然是一个核心概念，它解释了从分子到行为的所有层面上的表型、不同组织和所有层面的性别差异。然而，在过去的二十年里，人们发现性别差异并不是由性腺激素的影响来解释的，而是因为性染色体上编码的基因的主要作用。为了将经典的组织和激活效应与最近发现的性染色体效应相结合，我们提出了一个适用于所有哺乳动物组织的统一的性别分化理论。
The 1959 publication of the paper by Phoenix et al. was a major turning point in the study of sexual differentiation of the brain. That study showed that sex differences in behavior, and by extension in the brain, were permanently sexually differentiated by testosterone, a testicular secretion, during an early critical period of development. The study placed the brain together in a class with other major sexually dimorphic tissues (external genitalia and genital tracts), and proposed an integrated hormonal theory of sexual differentiation for all of these non-gonadal tissues. Since 1959, the organizational-activational theory has been amended but survives as a central concept that explains many sex differences in phenotype, in diverse tissues and at all levels of analysis from the molecular to the behavioral. In the last two decades, however, sex differences have been found that are not explained by such gonadal hormonal effects, but rather because of the primary action of genes encoded on the sex chromosomes. To integrate the classic organizational and activational effects with the more recently discovered sex chromosome effects, we propose a unified theory of sexual differentiation that applies to all mammalian tissues.
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影响因子：
1.7
作者：
ARNOLD, AP;SCHLINGER, BA
通讯作者：
SCHLINGER, BA
影响因子：
7.4
作者：
Arnold, Arthur P.;Chen, Xuqi
通讯作者：
Chen, Xuqi
影响因子：
25
作者：
Ahmed, Eman I.;Zehr, Julia L.;Schulz, Kalynn M.;Lorenz, Betty H.;DonCarlos, Lydia L.;Sisk, Cheryl L.
通讯作者：
Sisk, Cheryl L.
影响因子：
3.5
作者：
Arnold, AP
通讯作者：
Arnold, AP
DOI：
10.1016/0165-3806(83)90106-2
发表时间：
1983-01-01
期刊：
DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH
影响因子：
--
作者：
BREEDLOVE, SM;JORDAN, CL;ARNOLD, AP
通讯作者：
ARNOLD, AP