Families of transposable elements, population structure and the origin of species.
Families of transposable elements, population structure and the origin of species.
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DOI：
10.1186/1745-6150-6-44
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发表时间：
2011-09-19
期刊：
影响因子：
5.5
通讯作者：
Kojima KK
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jurka J;Bao W;Kojima KK
真核生物基因组含有来自转座因子（TE）的不同家族的重复DNA，这些转座因子能够复制并插入基因组DNA中。TE的生物学作用仍然不清楚，尽管它们对真核生物基因组具有深刻的致突变影响，并且重复家族的起源通常与物种形成事件相关。我们提出了一个新的假设来解释观察到的相关性的基础上的经典概念的群体遗传学。本文提出的主要论点是，TE衍生的重复家庭起源主要是由遗传漂变主要是由大种群细分成亚种群的小种群。我们概述了新出现的重复家族对不同亚群遗传多样性的潜在影响，并讨论了这种多样性对新物种起源的影响。几个可检验的预测的假设进行检查。首先，我们专注于预测，固定在一个特定物种的代表性基因组中的TE的不同家庭的数量与该物种已经出现的历史集合种群中的亚群（demes）的累积数量呈正相关。此外，我们提出的证据表明，人类的Ya5和Yb8家族可能起源于不同的原始人类亚群。我们还回顾了先前的证据，将重复家族的起源与哺乳动物的遗传学联系起来，并提出了更多的证据，将重复家族与基于哺乳动物分类学的物种形成联系起来。最后，我们讨论的证据表明，哺乳动物的最大数量的物种可能会受到最近的人口细分和物种形成事件。这一假说意味着，将一个种群细分为小的亚种群是新的TE家族和新物种起源的主要步骤。新亚群的起源可能是由新的生物生态位的可用性驱动的，与间断平衡假说一致。这一假说也对正在进行的关于遗传漂变在基因组进化中的作用的争论产生了影响。本文由尤金·库宁、于尔根·布罗修斯和I.约旦国王。
Eukaryotic genomes harbor diverse families of repetitive DNA derived from transposable elements (TEs) that are able to replicate and insert into genomic DNA. The biological role of TEs remains unclear, although they have profound mutagenic impact on eukaryotic genomes and the origin of repetitive families often correlates with speciation events. We present a new hypothesis to explain the observed correlations based on classical concepts of population genetics. The main thesis presented in this paper is that the TE-derived repetitive families originate primarily by genetic drift in small populations derived mostly by subdivisions of large populations into subpopulations. We outline the potential impact of the emerging repetitive families on genetic diversification of different subpopulations, and discuss implications of such diversification for the origin of new species. Several testable predictions of the hypothesis are examined. First, we focus on the prediction that the number of diverse families of TEs fixed in a representative genome of a particular species positively correlates with the cumulative number of subpopulations (demes) in the historical metapopulation from which the species has emerged. Furthermore, we present evidence indicating that human AluYa5 and AluYb8 families might have originated in separate proto-human subpopulations. We also revisit prior evidence linking the origin of repetitive families to mammalian phylogeny and present additional evidence linking repetitive families to speciation based on mammalian taxonomy. Finally, we discuss evidence that mammalian orders represented by the largest numbers of species may be subject to relatively recent population subdivisions and speciation events. The hypothesis implies that subdivision of a population into small subpopulations is the major step in the origin of new families of TEs as well as of new species. The origin of new subpopulations is likely to be driven by the availability of new biological niches, consistent with the hypothesis of punctuated equilibria. The hypothesis also has implications for the ongoing debate on the role of genetic drift in genome evolution. This article was reviewed by Eugene Koonin, Juergen Brosius and I. King Jordan.
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