Functions of intermediate filaments.

Functions of intermediate filaments.
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中间丝的功能。

DOI:
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发表时间:
1989
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Alberto Domingo
Alberto Domingo
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
M. Klymkowsky;Jeffrey B. Bachant;Alberto Domingo

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中间丝是真核生物细胞骨架中最神秘的组成部分。IFs通常是细胞的主要组成部分,在脊椎动物的细胞中最为突出。在许多后生动物叶中发现了超微结构相似的细胞质丝,一些原生生物和同源蛋白质形成核纤层,核纤层是存在于大多数(如果不是全部)真核细胞核内的纤维结构[参见Franke,19871.然而,确定IF的功能一直是相当困难的,这在很大程度上是由于缺乏特异性破坏IF组织的膜渗透性药物。目前,破坏IF组织的唯一方法似乎是通过分析IF亚基蛋白的基因突变或细胞内注射抗IF抗体(见下文)。尽管核IF(nIF)似乎在核组织中起关键作用[参见贝纳文特和Krohne,1986 1,但在培养细胞中细胞质IF(cIF)组织破坏后细胞行为没有显著变化,以及鉴定了许多哺乳动物细胞系[参见Paulin-Levassear等人,1988和其中的参考文献]和正常细胞类型[参见Bartnik等人,1986,19871中发现的缺乏cIFs的细胞,表明cIFs对真核细胞的生存力不是关键的。然而,同源IF基因结构、蛋白质序列和细胞型表达模式是高度保守的[特别参见Hermann等人,1989 a,B],这一事实暗示IF蛋白执行重要的功能,如果不在分离的细胞内,则在组织、器官和生物体的水平上。在这篇评论的第一部分,我们讨论了什么是IF和IF组装,动力学和组织的基本模式。在第二部分中,我们将研究IF细胞生物学的这些方面如何告知我们对IF功能的思考。最后,我们总结了目前可用于IF函数实验研究的方法。我们不会讨论IF基因的复杂问题
Intermediate filaments (IFs) are the most enigmatic component of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. IFs are often a major component of the cell and are most prominent in the cells of vertebrates. Ultrastructurally similar cytoplasmic filaments have been found in many metazoan phylla and some protists and homologous proteins form the nuclear lamina, a fibrous structure present within the nuclei of most, if not all, eukaryotic cells [see Franke, 19871. However, defining the functions of IFs has been quite difficult due in large measure to the absence of membrane-permeable drugs that spec$cally disrupt IF organization. At present, the only means of disrupting IF organization specifically appears to be through either the analysis of genetic mutations in IF subunit proteins or the intracellular injection of anti-IF antibodies (see below). Whereas nuclear IFs (nIFs) appear to play a key role in nuclear organization [see Benavente and Krohne, 19861, the absence of significant changes in cellular behavior following the disruption of cytoplasmic IF (cIF) organization in cultured cells, together with the identification of a number of mammalian cell lines [see Paulin-Levassear et al., 1988, and references therein] and normal cell types [see Bartnik et al., 1986, 19871 that lack cIFs, indicates that cIFs are not critical to the viability of eukaryotic cells. Nevertheless, homologous IF gene structure, protein sequence, and patterns of cell-type expression are highly conserved [see particularly Hermann et al., 1989a,b], a fact that implies that IF proteins perform important functions, if not within the isolated cell then at the level of tissues, organs, and the organism. In the first part of this review, we discuss what an IF is and the basic patterns of IF assembly, dynamics, and organization. In the second part, we examine how these aspects of IF cell biology have informed our thinking on IF functions. Finally, we summarize the methods currently available for the experimental study of IF function. We will not discuss the complex question of IF gene
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