Chimpanzees show some evidence of selectively acquiring information by using tools, making inferences, and evaluating possible outcomes.
Chimpanzees show some evidence of selectively acquiring information by using tools, making inferences, and evaluating possible outcomes.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0193229
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发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Beran MJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Perdue BM;Evans TA;Beran MJ
元认知指的是思考自己的思维或知道自己所知道的。研究表明，这种能力不是人类独有的，可能与非人类动物一样。特别是，类人猿在各种任务中表现出的行为暗示了元认知能力。在这里，我们将元认知任务，信息寻求任务，与工具使用和提供给黑猩猩的可变形式的初始信息结合起来，探索信息状态如何影响这些猿类的行为反应。研究人员给了三只黑猩猩一个装置，里面有五个可以藏食物的地方。如果他们指向正确的位置，他们就会得到奖励，否则就得不到。我们首先用这种方法重复了几个现有的发现，然后检验了新的假设。在实验过程中，黑猩猩被给予不同类型的信息。有时，他们会看到食物奖励的位置。其他时候，他们只看到一个空的位置，这不是有用的信息。在做出选择之前，黑猩猩还可以使用一种工具来搜索这些位置。黑猩猩在不知道奖励在哪里时，通常会使用这个工具来搜索奖励的位置，但当它们已经得到了这个信息时，它们就不会使用这个工具。一只黑猩猩对隐藏食物的位置做出了推断，即使食物从未出现在那个位置。最后一个实验涉及隐藏不同偏好值的食物，然后向黑猩猩展示不同的初始知识状态（即，最好的食物在哪里，不太喜欢的食物在哪里，或者没有食物在哪里）。在实验中，所有的黑猩猩在需要用这个工具来找到最好的物品时都会使用这个工具，但在不需要这个工具时，它们会立即选择一个位置。这一发现强调了它们的行为并不是简单规则的结果，比如指向看到食物的地方。
Metacognition refers to thinking about one’s thinking or knowing what one knows. Research suggests that this ability is not unique to humans and may be shared with nonhuman animals. In particular, great apes have shown behaviors on a variety of tasks that are suggestive of metacognitive ability. Here we combine a metacognitive task, the information-seeking task, with tool use and variable forms of initial information provided to chimpanzees to explore how informational states impact behavioral responses in these apes. Three chimpanzees were presented with an apparatus that contained five locations where food could be hidden. If they pointed to the correct location, they received the reward, but otherwise they did not. We first replicated several existing findings using this method, and then tested novel hypotheses. The chimpanzees were given different types of information across the experiments. Sometimes, they were shown the location of the food reward. Other times, they were shown only one empty location, which was not useful information. The chimpanzees also could use a tool to search any of those locations before making a selection. Chimpanzees typically used the tool to search out the location of the reward when they could not already know where it was, but they did not use the tool when they already had been given that information. One chimpanzee made inferences about the location of hidden food, even when that food was never shown in that location. The final experiment involved hiding foods of differing preference values, and then presenting the chimpanzees with different initial knowledge states (i.e., where the best food was located, where the less-preferred food was located, or where no food was located). All chimpanzees used the tool when they needed to use it to find the best possible item on that trial, but responded by choosing a location immediately when they did not need the tool. This finding highlights that their behavior was not the result of a simple rule following such as pointing to where any food had been seen.
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