Victimization experiences and the stabilization of victim sensitivity.
Victimization experiences and the stabilization of victim sensitivity.
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DOI：
10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00439
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
Hannuschke M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gollwitzer M;Süssenbach P;Hannuschke M
人们对被他人伤害的敏感程度确实存在差异。重要的是，“受害者敏感性”预测了人们在社会困境中的行为：受害者敏感的人不太可能信任他人，更可能表现得不合作，特别是在社会不确定的情况下。这种模式可以解释与敏感性的意思意图（SeMI）模型，根据受害者的敏感性需要一个特定的和不对称的敏感性与不可信的上下文线索。最近的研究在很大程度上与模型的预测一致，但到目前为止，一些问题在概念上仍然没有得到解决。例如，目前尚不清楚受害者敏感性为什么以及如何成为一种稳定的特质，以及这种稳定性涉及哪些发展和认知过程。在本文中，我们将讨论的心理过程，有助于稳定的受害者的敏感性的人，无论是在整个生命周期（“个体发育稳定”）和跨社会的情况下（“实际遗传稳定”）。我们的理论框架始于这样一个假设，即被剥削的经历威胁到一种基本的需求，即信任的需求。这种需要是如此的根本，以至于威胁到它的经历会受到相当多的关注，并引发强烈的情感反应。然后，关联学习过程可以解释（a）某些上下文线索（例如，面部表情）成为条件刺激，引发同样强烈的反应，（B）为什么这些上下文不可信线索比例如可信线索受到更多的关注，以及（c）这些线索如何塑造自发的社会期望（关于其他人的意图）。最后，回避学习可以解释为什么这些认知过程逐渐稳定并成为一种特质：被称为受害者敏感性的特质。
People reliably differ in the extent to which they are sensitive to being victimized by others. Importantly, “victim sensitivity” predicts how people behave in social dilemma situations: Victim-sensitive individuals are less likely to trust others and more likely to behave uncooperatively—especially in socially uncertain situations. This pattern can be explained with the sensitivity to mean intentions (SeMI) model, according to which victim sensitivity entails a specific and asymmetric sensitivity to contextual cues that are associated with untrustworthiness. Recent research is largely in line with the model’s prediction, but some issues have remained conceptually unresolved so far. For instance, it is unclear why and how victim sensitivity becomes a stable trait and which developmental and cognitive processes are involved in such stabilization. In the present article, we will discuss the psychological processes that contribute to a stabilization of victim sensitivity within persons, both across the life span (“ontogenetic stabilization”) and across social situations (“actual-genetic stabilization”). Our theoretical framework starts from the assumption that experiences of being exploited threaten a basic need, the need to trust. This need is so fundamental that experiences that threaten it receive a considerable amount of attention and trigger strong affective reactions. Associative learning processes can then explain (a) how certain contextual cues (e.g., facial expressions) become conditioned stimuli that elicit equally strong responses, (b) why these contextual untrustworthiness cues receive much more attention than, for instance, trustworthiness cues, and (c) how these cues shape spontaneous social expectations (regarding other people’s intentions). Finally, avoidance learning can explain why these cognitive processes gradually stabilize and become a trait: the trait which is referred to as victim sensitivity.
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影响因子：
5
作者：
CASPI, A;BEM, DJ;ELDER, GH
通讯作者：
ELDER, GH
影响因子：
2.8
作者：
De Cremer, D
通讯作者：
De Cremer, D
影响因子：
6.4
作者：
Bondue, Rebecca;Esser, Guenter
通讯作者：
Esser, Guenter
DOI：
10.1002/bs.3830180605
发表时间：
1973-01-01
期刊：
BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE
影响因子：
--
作者：
COOMBS, CH
通讯作者：
COOMBS, CH
影响因子：
5.9
作者：
Baumert, Anna;Otto, Kathleen;Schmitt, Andmanfred
通讯作者：
Schmitt, Andmanfred