Influence of spokes on the ionized metal flux fraction in chromium high power impulse magnetron sputtering

Influence of spokes on the ionized metal flux fraction in chromium high power impulse magnetron sputtering
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铬高功率脉冲磁控溅射中辐条对电离金属通量分数的影响

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发表时间:
2018
期刊:
影响因子:
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通讯作者:
A. von Keudell
A. von Keudell
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作者:
B. Biskup;C. Maszl;W. Breilmann;J. Held;M. Böke;J. Benedikt;A. von Keudell

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高功率脉冲磁控溅射(HiPIMS)放电是沉积具有优异性能的薄膜的优良工具。通过调整等离子体参数,可以控制高能金属和活性物质的生长通量。然而,这种控制需要对生长通量中的离子与中性比和离子能量分布函数的定量了解,以优化膜中每个结合原子的沉积能量。这种定量是通过结合两种诊断方法来完成的,一种是结合离子排斥网格系统(IReGS)的石英晶体微天平(QCM),用于区分离子与中性离子,另一种是HIDEN EQP等离子体监测仪,用于测量离子能量分布函数(IEDF)。这种方法得到电离金属通量分数(IMFF)作为生长通量中的电离度。这与时间分辨ICCD相机测量记录的等离子体性能有关,该测量允许识别hiims等离子体中明显电离区域的形成,即所谓的辐条。从而开发了一种自动识别轮辐模数的技术。数据表明,随着峰值功率的增加,辐条形成有两种不同的情况,一种是低峰值功率下没有辐条的随机情况,另一种是高峰值功率下不同模态数下有不同辐条的情况。IMFF随着峰值功率的增加而增加,在非常高的峰值功率时达到近80%的值。两种体制之间的过渡与imf的显著变化同时发生。这一变化表明辐条的形成明显地抵消了HiPIMS中的返回效应。根据IMFF和离子的平均能量,计算每个沉积原子的能量以及沉积到衬底上的总能量通量。这使我们能够确定铬HiPIMS的最佳峰值功率密度约为0.5 kW cm - 2。
High power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) discharges are an excellent tool for deposition of thin films with superior properties. By adjusting the plasma parameters, an energetic metal and reactive species growth flux can be controlled. This control requires, however, a quantitative knowledge of the ion-to-neutral ratio in the growth flux and of the ion energy distribution function to optimize the deposited energy per incorporated atom in the film. This quantification is performed by combining two diagnostics, a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) combined with an ion-repelling grid system (IReGS) to discriminate ions versus neutrals and a HIDEN EQP plasma monitor to measure the ion energy distribution function (IEDF). This approach yields the ionized metal flux fraction (IMFF) as the ionization degree in the growth flux. This is correlated to the plasma performance recorded by time resolved ICCD camera measurements, which allow to identify the formation of pronounced ionization zones, so called spokes, in the HiPIMS plasma. Thereby an automatic technique was developed to identify the spoke mode number. The data indicates two distinct regimes with respect to spoke formation that occur with increasing peak power, a stochastic regime with no spokes at low peak powers followed by a regime with distinct spokes at varying mode numbers at higher peak powers. The IMFF increases with increasing peak power reaching values of almost 80% at very high peak powers. The transition in between the two regimes coincides with a pronounced change in the IMFF. This change indicates that the formation of spokes apparently counteracts the return effect in HiPIMS. Based on the IMFF and the mean energy of the ions, the energy per deposited atom together with the overall energy flux onto the substrate is calculated. This allows us to determine an optimum for the peak power density around 0.5 kW cm−2 for chromium HiPIMS.
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