Flame retardant associations between children's handwipes and house dust.
Flame retardant associations between children's handwipes and house dust.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.100
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发表时间：
2014-12
期刊：
影响因子：
8.8
通讯作者：
Webster TF
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Stapleton HM;Misenheimer J;Hoffman K;Webster TF
多溴二苯醚（PBDE）阻燃剂（FR）在室内环境中普遍检测到高浓度;然而，随着其最近的逐步淘汰，更多的注意力集中在测量替代FR，如有机磷酸盐FR（OPFR）的暴露。在我们以前的研究中，我们发现在儿童的湿巾上测量的多溴二苯醚残留物是血清多溴二苯醚水平的一个强有力的预测因素。在这里，我们建立在这项研究的纵向变化，多溴二苯醚在室内灰尘和儿童的湿巾，并探讨之间的关联湿巾和灰尘替代FR。我们之前研究中的儿童在大约两年后重新接触，并收集了新的室内灰尘和湿巾样本。在相隔两年的两轮不同采样中，多溴二苯醚粉尘浓度存在显著相关性;然而，在擦手纸中的多溴二苯醚浓度却没有相关性，这或许表明多溴二苯醚的来源在家庭中保持相对稳定，但儿童的行为差异随着年龄的增长而变化，并影响着擦手纸的浓度。OPFR [即tris（1，3-二氯异丙基）磷酸酯（TDCPP），三（2-氯乙基）磷酸酯（TCEP），三（2-氯异丙基）磷酸酯（TCIPP）]，2-乙基己基-2，3，4，5-四溴苯甲酸酯（EH-TBB，也称为TBB），di四溴邻苯二甲酸2-乙基己酯（BEH-TEBP，也称为TBPH）和1，2，5，6，9，10-六溴环十二烷（HBCD）也普遍存在于室内灰尘样本中，几何平均水平与多溴二苯醚水平相似，或者在OPFR的情况下更高。对于这些替代FR，特别是对于EH-TBB，观察到擦手巾和室内灰尘之间的显著关联（rs= 0.54; p<0.001）。增加室内灰尘水平和年龄与较高水平的FR在擦手纸，和高洗手频率（>5次/天）与较低的FR水平在擦手纸。总的来说，这些数据表明，接触这些替代阻燃剂的情况与接触多溴二苯醚的情况相似，需要进一步研究手到嘴的行为对儿童接触的影响，以更好地估计接触的可能性。
Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants (FRs) have been ubiquitously detected at high concentrations in indoor environments; however, with their recent phase-out, more attention is being focused on measurements of exposure to alternative FRs such as organophosphate FRs (OPFRs). In our previous research, we found that PBDE residues measured on children’s handwipes were a strong predictor of serum PBDE levels. Here we build upon this research to examine longitudinal changes in PBDEs in indoor dust and children’s handwipes, and explore the associations between handwipes and dust for alternative FRs. Children from our previous study were re-contacted after approximately two years and new samples of indoor dust and handwipes were collected. PBDE dust-levels were significantly correlated between two different sampling rounds separated by two years; however, PBDE levels in handwipes were not correlated, perhaps suggesting that the sources of PBDEs remained relatively constant in the home, but that behavioral differences in children are changing with age and influencing handwipe levels. OPFRs [i.e. tris (1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP)], 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB, also known as TBB), di(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP, also known as TBPH), and 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were also ubiquitously detected in house dust samples and geometric mean levels were similar to PBDE levels, or higher in the case of the OPFRs. Significant associations between handwipes and house dust were observed for these alternative FRs, particularly for EH-TBB (rs= 0.54; p<0.001). Increasing house dust levels and age were associated with higher levels of FRs in handwipes, and high hand washing frequency (>5 times/day) was associated with lower FR levels in handwipes. Overall these data suggest that exposure to these alternative FRs will be similar to PBDE exposure, and the influence of hand-to-mouth behavior in children’s exposure needs to be further examined to better estimate exposure potential.
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