What is play fighting and what is it good for?
What is play fighting and what is it good for?
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什么是打斗游戏，它有什么好处？
作者：
S. Pellis;V. Pellis
据报道，在哺乳动物、鸟类和其他一些类群中，打斗是一种常见的游戏形式。在游戏格斗中存在的竞争围绕着获得一些优势展开，比如在不被对方咬伤的情况下咬对方。在游戏打斗中模拟的行为不必局限于成人严肃打斗中出现的行为，但可以包括来自友好行为的竞争性互动，如性和社会梳理，或来自非社会竞争，如捕食。不管模拟的是哪种功能行为，战斗游戏的统一之处在于，它包含了一定程度的互惠性，或回合制，这就要求竞争被合作所削弱。然而，有几种不同的方式可以将合作插入到有趣的互动中，这些方式在不同的物种中使用不同的方式。合作与竞争之间的适度竞争迫使动物监控自己和同伴的行为，这一共同特征似乎是幼年时期的游戏战斗经验可以训练动物更强的心理弹性的一种手段。对行为的监控和情境调整影响着大脑执行功能的发展，这反过来又导致了适应性更强的成年人的发展。
Play fighting is a common form of play reported among species of mammals, birds, and some other taxa. The competition present in play fighting revolves around gaining some advantage, such as biting a partner without being bitten. The behavior simulated during play fighting need not be restricted to that present in adult serious fighting, but can involve competitive interactions derived from amicable behavior, such as sex and social grooming, or from nonsocial competition, such as predation. What unifies play fighting, irrespective of the functional behavior being simulated, is that it involves some degree of reciprocity, or turn taking, that requires that the competition be attenuated by cooperation. However, there are several different ways in which cooperation can be inserted into playful interactions, and these vary in use across different species. The moderation of competition with cooperation forces animals to monitor their own actions and those of their partners, and this common feature appears to be one vehicle through which the experience of play fighting in the juvenile period can train animals for greater psychological resilience. The monitoring and contextual adjustment of actions influences the development of executive functions of the brain, which, in turn, leads to the development of more adaptable adults.
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