Avoidance of wind farms by harbour seals is limited to pile driving activities.
Avoidance of wind farms by harbour seals is limited to pile driving activities.
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DOI：
10.1111/1365-2664.12678
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发表时间：
2016-12
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
McConnell BJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Russell DJ;Hastie GD;Thompson D;Janik VM;Hammond PS;Scott-Hayward LA;Matthiopoulos J;Jones EL;McConnell BJ
作为减少对碳基能源依赖的全球努力的一部分，可再生能源设备的安装迅速增加。这些设备的安装和操作可能会导致与野生动物的冲突。在海洋环境中，哺乳动物可能会避开正在建设或运营的风电场。这种回避可能会导致更多的时间花在旅行上，或从关键的栖息地迁移。缺乏关于风电场周围海洋哺乳动物海上活动的数据限制了我们对其潜在影响性质的理解。在这里，我们介绍了对英格兰东南部沃什港海豹Phoca vitulina的遥测研究结果，该地区正在使用冲击打桩建造风力发电场。我们调查了海豹是否会在操作、整个施工或打桩活动期间避开风电场。该研究使用了在任何风电场开发之前收集的历史遥测数据以及2012年在一个风电场建设和另一个风电场运营期间收集的遥测数据。在一个运行的风电场内，与风电场开发之前相比，密封件的使用量几乎显著增加。然而，风电场位于大面积使用量增加的边缘，因此风电场的存在不太可能是原因。在整个施工过程中没有发生重大位移。然而，在打桩过程中，密封使用（丰度）显着减少了25公里的打桩活动;在25公里的风电场中心，有一个19至83%（95%的置信区间）的使用减少相比，在打桩中断，相当于440个人的平均估计位移。这相当于从166和178 dB re 1 μPa（p-p）之间的预测接收水平开始的显著位移。位移仅限于打桩活动;在打桩停止后2小时内，按照非打桩方案分发密封件。 合成与应用。我们的空间和时间量化的港口海豹避免风电场是至关重要的，以减少不确定性和增加鲁棒性的环境影响评估的未来发展。具体而言，这些结果将使决策者能够就打桩造成密封件移位的可能性、声级与避免率之间的关系以及任何避免的持续时间提供行业指导，从而在同意过程中进行更准确的环境评估。此外，我们的研究结果可用于通知缓解策略的声级可能会导致位移和打桩的时间模式将最大限度地减少位移的能量影响的幅度。我们的空间和时间量化的港口海豹避免风电场是至关重要的，以减少不确定性和增加鲁棒性的环境影响评估的未来发展。具体而言，这些结果将使决策者能够就打桩造成密封件移位的可能性、声级与避免率之间的关系以及任何避免的持续时间提供行业指导，从而在同意过程中进行更准确的环境评估。此外，我们的研究结果可用于通知缓解策略的声级可能会导致位移和打桩的时间模式将最大限度地减少位移的能量影响的幅度。
As part of global efforts to reduce dependence on carbon‐based energy sources there has been a rapid increase in the installation of renewable energy devices. The installation and operation of these devices can result in conflicts with wildlife. In the marine environment, mammals may avoid wind farms that are under construction or operating. Such avoidance may lead to more time spent travelling or displacement from key habitats. A paucity of data on at‐sea movements of marine mammals around wind farms limits our understanding of the nature of their potential impacts. Here, we present the results of a telemetry study on harbour seals Phoca vitulina in The Wash, south‐east England, an area where wind farms are being constructed using impact pile driving. We investigated whether seals avoid wind farms during operation, construction in its entirety, or during piling activity. The study was carried out using historical telemetry data collected prior to any wind farm development and telemetry data collected in 2012 during the construction of one wind farm and the operation of another. Within an operational wind farm, there was a close‐to‐significant increase in seal usage compared to prior to wind farm development. However, the wind farm was at the edge of a large area of increased usage, so the presence of the wind farm was unlikely to be the cause. There was no significant displacement during construction as a whole. However, during piling, seal usage (abundance) was significantly reduced up to 25 km from the piling activity; within 25 km of the centre of the wind farm, there was a 19 to 83% (95% confidence intervals) decrease in usage compared to during breaks in piling, equating to a mean estimated displacement of 440 individuals. This amounts to significant displacement starting from predicted received levels of between 166 and 178 dB re 1 μPa(p‐p). Displacement was limited to piling activity; within 2 h of cessation of pile driving, seals were distributed as per the non‐piling scenario. Synthesis and applications. Our spatial and temporal quantification of avoidance of wind farms by harbour seals is critical to reduce uncertainty and increase robustness in environmental impact assessments of future developments. Specifically, the results will allow policymakers to produce industry guidance on the likelihood of displacement of seals in response to pile driving; the relationship between sound levels and avoidance rates; and the duration of any avoidance, thus allowing far more accurate environmental assessments to be carried out during the consenting process. Further, our results can be used to inform mitigation strategies in terms of both the sound levels likely to cause displacement and what temporal patterns of piling would minimize the magnitude of the energetic impacts of displacement. Our spatial and temporal quantification of avoidance of wind farms by harbour seals is critical to reduce uncertainty and increase robustness in environmental impact assessments of future developments. Specifically, the results will allow policymakers to produce industry guidance on the likelihood of displacement of seals in response to pile driving; the relationship between sound levels and avoidance rates; and the duration of any avoidance, thus allowing far more accurate environmental assessments to be carried out during the consenting process. Further, our results can be used to inform mitigation strategies in terms of both the sound levels likely to cause displacement and what temporal patterns of piling would minimize the magnitude of the energetic impacts of displacement.
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DOI：
10.1186/2046-9063-10-8
发表时间：
2014
期刊：
Aquatic biosystems
影响因子：
--
作者：
Bailey H;Brookes KL;Thompson PM
通讯作者：
Thompson PM
影响因子：
6.7
作者：
Daehne, Michael;Gilles, Anita;Siebert, Ursula
通讯作者：
Siebert, Ursula
影响因子：
3.3
作者：
Kastelein, Ronald A.;van der Heul, Sander;Triesscheijn, Rob J. V.
通讯作者：
Triesscheijn, Rob J. V.
影响因子：
2.5
作者：
Brandt, Miriam J.;Diederichs, Ansgar;Nehls, Georg
通讯作者：
Nehls, Georg
影响因子：
2.5
作者：
Pirotta, Enrico;Matthiopoulos, Jason;Rendell, Luke
通讯作者：
Rendell, Luke