Environmental and genetic determinants of colony morphology in yeast.
Environmental and genetic determinants of colony morphology in yeast.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pgen.1000823
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发表时间：
2010-01-22
期刊：
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Magwene PM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Granek JA;Magwene PM
营养胁迫触发芽殖酵母酿酒酵母的各种发育开关。这种反应中最不为人所知的是复杂菌落形态的发展，其特征在于菌落生长和结构的复杂、有组织和菌株特异性模式。迄今为止，这种表型的遗传基础及其诱导所涉及的关键环境信号仍然知之甚少。通过调查多个菌株背景和大量的生长条件，我们表明，限制发酵的碳源加上丰富的氮源是主要的触发器殖民地形态反应芽殖酵母。使用敲除突变体和转座子介导的诱变，我们证明了两个关键的信号网络调节这种反应是丝状生长MAP激酶级联和Ras-cAMP-PKA途径。我们进一步显示了Rim15（一种参与营养信号整合的激酶）与这些途径中的其他基因之间的协同上位性。倍性，交配型，基因型与环境的相互作用也似乎发挥了作用，在控制殖民地形态。我们的研究强调了这种模型真核生物中高度的网络重用;酵母在多种情况下使用相同的核心信号通路来整合有关环境和生理状态的信息，并产生不同的发育输出。面包酵母在适宜的条件下生长时形成光滑的圆形菌落。当缺乏一种或多种营养物质时，酵母可以改变其生长模式，产生由许多相互作用的细胞组成的复杂结构。一种生长模式，即殖民地形态反应，产生视觉上引人注目的花边状菌落结构。我们描述了诱导这种形态的两种条件，以及响应所需的基因和途径。我们证明，低水平的碳与丰富的氮相结合，触发复杂的菌落形成。使用候选基因的方法加上全基因组诱变，我们确定了参与生产复杂的菌落形态的基因。这些基因中的许多是MAP激酶级联或Ras-cAMP-PKA途径的组分，这两种信号传导途径在真核生物中是保守的。酵母利用这些途径来介导细胞对环境变化的反应。我们观察到复杂的菌落和生物膜之间的共同特征，这是与人类健康和人类基础设施相关的有组织的微生物群落，使菌落形态成为了解微生物如何相互作用形成复杂结构的候选模型。
Nutrient stresses trigger a variety of developmental switches in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. One of the least understood of such responses is the development of complex colony morphology, characterized by intricate, organized, and strain-specific patterns of colony growth and architecture. The genetic bases of this phenotype and the key environmental signals involved in its induction have heretofore remained poorly understood. By surveying multiple strain backgrounds and a large number of growth conditions, we show that limitation for fermentable carbon sources coupled with a rich nitrogen source is the primary trigger for the colony morphology response in budding yeast. Using knockout mutants and transposon-mediated mutagenesis, we demonstrate that two key signaling networks regulating this response are the filamentous growth MAP kinase cascade and the Ras-cAMP-PKA pathway. We further show synergistic epistasis between Rim15, a kinase involved in integration of nutrient signals, and other genes in these pathways. Ploidy, mating-type, and genotype-by-environment interactions also appear to play a role in the controlling colony morphology. Our study highlights the high degree of network reuse in this model eukaryote; yeast use the same core signaling pathways in multiple contexts to integrate information about environmental and physiological states and generate diverse developmental outputs. Baker's yeast forms smooth round colonies when grown in favorable conditions. When starved for one or more nutrients, yeast can alter its growth pattern to produce complex structures consisting of numerous interacting cells. One mode of growth, the colony morphology response, produces visually striking, lacy colony architectures. We describe both conditions that induce this morphology and also genes and pathways that are required for the response. We demonstrate that low levels of carbon combined with abundant nitrogen trigger complex colony formation. Using a candidate gene approach coupled with genome-wide mutagenesis, we identified genes involved in the production of complex colony morphology. Many of these genes are components of either a MAP kinase cascade or the Ras-cAMP-PKA pathway, two well-studied signaling pathways that are conserved across eukaryotic organisms. Yeast use these pathways to mediate cellular responses to changes in their environment. We observe shared characteristics between complex colonies and biofilms, which are organized communities of microorganisms with relevance to human health and human infrastructure, making colony morphology a candidate model for understanding how microorganisms interact to form complex structures.
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