Light and Cognition: Roles for Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, and Arousal.
Light and Cognition: Roles for Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, and Arousal.
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DOI：
10.3389/fneur.2018.00056
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Peirson SN
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fisk AS;Tam SKE;Brown LA;Vyazovskiy VV;Bannerman DM;Peirson SN
光对哺乳动物的生理和行为产生广泛的影响。除了使昼夜节律与外部环境同步外，光还被证明可以调节自主神经和神经内分泌反应，以及调节睡眠和影响认知过程，如注意力、唤醒和表现。过去二十年来，我们对视网膜光感受器的理解取得了重大进展，视网膜光感受器介导了这些对光的非图像形成反应，以及产生昼夜节律并将其带入外部光/暗的神经通路和分子机制（LD）周期。相比之下，我们对照明影响认知过程的机制的理解更加模糊。光对不同认知过程的影响是复杂的。除了光对警觉性的直接影响外，由于昼夜节律紊乱，也可能发生间接影响。尽管广泛使用中断LD周期来研究昼夜节律对认知的作用，但所使用的不同实验方案对昼夜节律功能的影响存在细微差异，这些影响并不总是可比的。此外，这些协议也会扰乱睡眠和改变生理唤醒，这两者都是已知的调节认知。研究使用了依赖于不同认知和感觉过程的不同测定法，这也可能导致其不同的结果。在这里，我们建议，研究解决不同的照明条件对认知过程的影响，也必须考虑到它们对昼夜节律，睡眠和觉醒的影响，如果我们要充分了解这些反应的生理基础。
Light exerts a wide range of effects on mammalian physiology and behavior. As well as synchronizing circadian rhythms to the external environment, light has been shown to modulate autonomic and neuroendocrine responses as well as regulating sleep and influencing cognitive processes such as attention, arousal, and performance. The last two decades have seen major advances in our understanding of the retinal photoreceptors that mediate these non-image forming responses to light, as well as the neural pathways and molecular mechanisms by which circadian rhythms are generated and entrained to the external light/dark (LD) cycle. By contrast, our understanding of the mechanisms by which lighting influences cognitive processes is more equivocal. The effects of light on different cognitive processes are complex. As well as the direct effects of light on alertness, indirect effects may also occur due to disrupted circadian entrainment. Despite the widespread use of disrupted LD cycles to study the role circadian rhythms on cognition, the different experimental protocols used have subtly different effects on circadian function which are not always comparable. Moreover, these protocols will also disrupt sleep and alter physiological arousal, both of which are known to modulate cognition. Studies have used different assays that are dependent on different cognitive and sensory processes, which may also contribute to their variable findings. Here, we propose that studies addressing the effects of different lighting conditions on cognitive processes must also account for their effects on circadian rhythms, sleep, and arousal if we are to fully understand the physiological basis of these responses.
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