Cortical development, electroencephalogram rhythms, and the sleep/wake cycle.
Cortical development, electroencephalogram rhythms, and the sleep/wake cycle.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.12.017
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发表时间：
2015-06-15
影响因子：
10.6
通讯作者：
Tononi G
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cirelli C;Tononi G
在成年期间，脑电(EEG)记录被用于区分清醒、非快速眼动(NREM)睡眠和快速眼动(REM)睡眠。然而，行为状态和脑电节律之间的密切联系只有在发育后期、人类出生后以及大鼠和小鼠出生后第二周结束时才能达到。这一关键时刻也是大脑皮层活动从不连续模式转变为连续模式的时候，我们将回顾可以解释这种转变的主要细胞和网络变化。在这种密切联系建立后，新的证据表明，NREM睡眠的慢波可能会作为跟踪皮质发育的标志。然而，在EEG可以用于识别行为状态之前，根据行为标准和肌肉活动识别出两个不同的睡眠阶段--安静睡眠和活跃睡眠。在发育的早期阶段，尽管存在长时间的神经元沉默和行为状态的不良调节，但皮质活动远不是无序的。特定的脑电模式，如纺锤波和伽马振荡，很早就被发现，并被认为在完善大脑回路方面发挥着重要作用。由于大多数早期脑电模式并不映射到特定的行为状态，它们对睡眠对大脑成熟的推定作用的贡献仍有待确定，应该是未来研究的主要重点。
During adulthood electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings are used to distinguish wake, non rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. However, the close association between behavioral states and EEG rhythms is reached only late during development, after birth in humans and by the end of the second postnatal week in rats and mice. This critical time is also when cortical activity switches from a discontinuous to a continuous pattern, and we will review the major cellular and network changes that can account for this transition. After this close link is established, new evidence suggests that the slow waves of NREM sleep may function as markers to track cortical development. Before the EEG can be used to identify behavioral states, however, two distinct sleep phases – quiet sleep and active sleep – are identified based on behavioral criteria and muscle activity. During this early phase of development cortical activity is far from being disorganized, despite the presence of long periods of neuronal silence and the poor modulation by behavioral states. Specific EEG patterns such as spindle bursts and gamma oscillations have been identified very early on, and are believed to play a significant role in the refinement of brain circuits. Since most early EEG patterns do not map to a specific behavioral state, their contribution to the presumptive role of sleep in brain maturation remains to be established, and should be a major focus for future research.
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