Evolution, expansion and expression of the Kunitz/BPTI gene family associated with long-term blood feeding in Ixodes Scapularis.
Evolution, expansion and expression of the Kunitz/BPTI gene family associated with long-term blood feeding in Ixodes Scapularis.
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DOI：
10.1186/1471-2148-12-4
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发表时间：
2012-01-14
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Huang JF
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dai SX;Zhang AD;Huang JF
最近对蜱唾液转录组的研究揭示了唾液蛋白在血液喂养中的深远作用。 Kunitz/BPTI蛋白在蜱的唾液腺中含量丰富，在血液喂养中发挥多种功能，例如抑制血液凝固、调节宿主血液供应和破坏宿主血管生成。然而，软蜱和硬蜱中的 Kunitz/BPTI 蛋白具有不同的功能和分子机制。这些差异是如何出现的以及它们是否与硬蜱长期吸血的进化有关仍然未知。本研究对肩胛硬蜱中Kunitz/BPTI家族的进化、扩展和表达进行了研究。单结构域和多结构域 Kunitz/BPTI 蛋白具有相似的基因结构。单域蛋白根据其半胱氨酸模式分为三组（I、II 和 III 组）。 I 组代表 Kunitz/BPTI 家族的祖先分支，该组的成员起到丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂的作用。 I组结构域被用作在硬蜱和软蜱分裂后在硬蜱中创建多结构域蛋白质的模块。然而，从 I 类演化而来的 II 类和 III 类仅在硬蜱属中存在和扩展。这些谱系特异性扩展基因在肩胛硬蜱的长期吸血过程中表现出显着更高的表达。有趣的是，功能位点分析表明，II 族蛋白失去了抑制丝氨酸蛋白酶的能力，并进化出了调节离子通道的新功能。最后，进化分析表明硬蜱属 Kunitz/BPTI 家族的扩张和多样化是由正选择驱动的。这些结果表明，Kunitz/BPTI家族中软蜱和硬蜱之间的差异可能与硬蜱长期吸血的进化有关。在硬蜱中，谱系特异性扩展基因（第二组和第三组）失去了抑制丝氨酸蛋白酶的古老功能，并进化出了新的功能以适应长期的血液喂养。因此，这些基因可能在硬蜱的长期吸血过程中发挥着深远的作用。根据我们的分析，我们提出我们研究中确定的六个基因可能是蜱控制的候选靶基因。
Recent studies of the tick saliva transcriptome have revealed the profound role of salivary proteins in blood feeding. Kunitz/BPTI proteins are abundant in the salivary glands of ticks and perform multiple functions in blood feeding, such as inhibiting blood coagulation, regulating host blood supply and disrupting host angiogenesis. However, Kunitz/BPTI proteins in soft and hard ticks have different functions and molecular mechanisms. How these differences emerged and whether they are associated with the evolution of long-term blood feeding in hard ticks remain unknown. In this study, the evolution, expansion and expression of Kunitz/BPTI family in Ixodes scapularis were investigated. Single- and multi-domain Kunitz/BPTI proteins have similar gene structures. Single-domain proteins were classified into three groups (groups I, II and III) based on their cysteine patterns. Group I represents the ancestral branch of the Kunitz/BPTI family, and members of this group function as serine protease inhibitors. The group I domain was used as a module to create multi-domain proteins in hard ticks after the split between hard and soft ticks. However, groups II and III, which evolved from group I, are only present and expanded in the genus Ixodes. These lineage-specific expanded genes exhibit significantly higher expression during long-term blood feeding in Ixodes scapularis. Interestingly, functional site analysis suggested that group II proteins lost the ability to inhibit serine proteases and evolved a new function of modulating ion channels. Finally, evolutionary analyses revealed that the expansion and diversification of the Kunitz/BPTI family in the genus Ixodes were driven by positive selection. These results suggest that the differences in the Kunitz/BPTI family between soft and hard ticks may be linked to the evolution of long-term blood feeding in hard ticks. In Ixodes, the lineage-specific expanded genes (Group II and III) lost the ancient function of inhibiting serine proteases and evolved new functions to adapt to long-term blood feeding. Therefore, these genes may play a profound role in the long-term blood feeding of hard ticks. Based our analysis, we propose that the six genes identified in our study may be candidate target genes for tick control.
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DOI：
10.1084/jem.20091007
发表时间：
2009-10-26
期刊：
The Journal of experimental medicine
影响因子：
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作者：
Decrem Y;Rath G;Blasioli V;Cauchie P;Robert S;Beaufays J;Frère JM;Feron O;Dogné JM;Dessy C;Vanhamme L;Godfroid E
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10.1073/pnas.91.21.10034
发表时间：
1994-10-11
影响因子：
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DOI：
10.1590/s0001-37652005000400008
发表时间：
2005-12-01
期刊：
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Ribeiro, JMC