Social Categorization and Intergroup Relations

对群体间关系的广泛的社会-心理分析融合了该领域内许多不同实质性领域的理论。本研究选取了其中的一个理论部分，并试图进一步发展其在群体关系中的应用。具体地说，它考察了调节相互作用群体成员所属类别的显着性的因素的影响。它评估了社会类别显着性对各种偏见、敌意和社会接受程度的影响。它假设，当负面影响和偏见针对社会类别的成员时，会对群体生产力产生功能障碍，并导致群体间的冲突。本研究建立了一个关于社会范畴突显和群体间关系的理论模型和一个实验实验室范式，用于研究当两个或多个群体的成员合作解决群体问题时的影响。一些研究将从一组被带到实验室的陌生人中创建两个人造小组。为了将他们的研究结果与“真实世界”的情况相结合，其他研究将在概念上将其复制到自然社会类别的成员中--例如，种族群体、通勤学生和兄弟会学生。非自愿的面部肌电反应和其他将自我表象担忧的干扰降至最低的心理生理测量程序将在与小组间实验协调的研究中进行检查。这些研究使用了多种依赖的方法来更好地解释潜在的过程，但也回应了这样一个事实，即理论模型对不同反应系统的预测不同。此外，这些研究还考虑了最近对群体间关系的概念分析中提出的理论问题。理论模型强调的重要变量的实际应用不要求训练有素的人员在一段时间内与工作组中的个人保持直接互动，以改善小组之间的关系。相反，它们转化为关于组建和指导工作组的程序的简单规则。

Broad social-psychological analyses of intergroup relations incorporate theory from many diverse substantive domains within the field. This research takes one of these theoretical segments and attempts to develop further its application to group relations. Specifically, it examines the effects of factors that regulate the salience of the category to which members of interacting groups belong. It assesses the effects of social category salience on various measures of bias, hostility, and social acceptance. It assumes that negative affect and prejudice, when directed toward members of social categories, are dysfunctional to group productivity and contribute to intergroup conflict. The research builds on a theoretical model concerned with social category salience and intergroup relations and an experimental laboratory paradigm for studying its effects when members of two or more groups work cooperatively to solve a group problem. Some studies will create two artificial groups from a set of strangers brought into the laboratory. To integrate their outcomes with "real-world" situations, other studies will conceptually replicate them with members of natural social categories -- e.g. racial ethnic groups, commuter students versus fraternity row students. Non- voluntary facial electromyographic responses and other psychophysiological measurement procedures that minimize the intrusion of self presentational concerns will be examined in studies coordinated with the intergroup experiments. The studies employ multiple dependent measures to illuminate underlying process better, but also in response to the fact that theoretical models differ in their predictions for different response systems. Additionally, the studies consider theoretical issues raised in recent conceptual analyses of intergroup relations. Practical applications of the variables stressed as important by the theoretical model do not require that highly trained personnel maintain direct interaction with the individuals in a workteam over the course of time in order to improve intergroup relations. Instead, they translate into simple rules concerning procedures for forming and instructing workteams.