A Theoretical Analysis of Crossed Social Categorization Effects

小米勒9319752 摘要 在美国这样的多元文化社会中，个人通常属于几个群体（例如种族、宗教、职业、居住地、爱好或兴趣群体等）。 当一个行动者和另一个人的社会类别成员身份提供了他们各自的内群体和外群体身份的趋同证据时，类别独特性很高，偏见或偏见很可能是因为没有竞争的忠诚。相比之下，当一个演员和一个目标的人属于不同的社会类别在一个维度上，但在第二维度上的同一类别的成员，这种交叉线索内/外群体身份有时会减少组间偏见相比，发现与收敛线索外群体成员。在先前的研究中，已经出现了六种关于对双内群、交叉和双外群目标的相对偏差的具体模式。本研究引用了与情感唤醒、类别显著性变化的认知来源和情境结构相关的原则，来解释何时会发现每种模式，并在印象形成任务和内群体互动情境中评估这些理论原则。关键措施包括自我报告的喜欢，感知的相似性，并向内组，交叉和外组目标的奖励分配，以及与不同类型的目标互动的行为偏好。控制微笑和皱眉的面部肌肉的不可见运动的肌电图测量（EMG）将分别评估非自愿的积极和消极情绪。这在使用种族-民族群体成员的目标的研究中是重要的，因为我们大学年龄受试者的当前规范在实验室通常使用的纸笔测量中引用了对少数民族群体的负面态度的表达的掩蔽 research.从拟议的研究结果将是有益的结构更有效的组间接触干预和减少组间冲突。跨种族-族裔性别的群体间敌意和冲突，以及社会类别差异的其他重要方面（如年龄），可能是工作环境中能量错位的一个来源，导致生产力下降。拟议研究的结果可以有助于制定一套规则，用于构建工作环境，以最大限度地减少生产力下降的根源。

9319752 MILLER ABSTRACT In culturally plural societies such as the U.S., individuals typically belong to several groups, (e.g. race, religion, occupation, place of residence, hobby or interest groups, etc.) When the social category memberships of an actor and another individual provide convergent evidence of their respective ingroup and outgroup identities, category distinctiveness is high and prejudice or bias is likely because there is no competing loyalties. By contrast, when an actor and a target person belong to different social categories on one dimension but are members of the same category on a second dimension, such crossed clues for ingroup/outgroup identity sometimes reduce intergroup bias in comparison to that found with convergent cues for outgroup membership. Six specific patterns regarding the relative bias toward double ingroup, crossed, and double outgroup targets have emerged in prior research. This research invokes principles related to affective arousal, cognitive sources of variation in category salience, and the structure of the setting, to explain when each pattern will be found. The current studies assess these theoretical principles in the context of impression formation tasks, and in ingroup interaction settings. Key measures include self-reports of liking, perceived similarity, and reward allocations toward ingroup, crossed, and outgroup targets, as well behavioral preferences for interacting with different types of targets. Electromyographic measures (EMG) of non-visible movement in facial muscles that control the smile and the frown (furrowing of the brow) will assess non-voluntary positive and negative affect respectively. This is important in studies that use targets who are members of racial-ethnic groups because current norms for our college age subjects invoke a masking of expression of negative attitudes toward ethnic minority groups on the paper and pencil measures typically used in laboratory research. Results from the proposed research will be useful for structuring more effective intergroup contact interventions and for reducing intergroup conflict. Intergroup hostility and conflict across racial-ethnic gender, and other important dimensions of social category differentiation (e.g. age) can be a source of misplaced energy in the work setting, contributing to lowered productivity. The outcomes of the proposed research can add to the development of a set of rules for structuring work settings so as to minimize this source of diminished productivity.