A Theoretical Analysis of Crossed Social Categorization Effects

9319752米勒摘要在美国等文化多元化的社会中，个人通常属于几个群体(如种族、宗教、职业、居住地、爱好或兴趣群体等)。当一个演员和另一个个体的社会类别成员身份为他们各自的组内和组外身份提供了趋同的证据时，类别区别性很高，可能存在偏见或偏见，因为没有相互竞争的忠诚度。相反，当参与者和目标人在一个维度上属于不同的社会类别，但在第二个维度上是同一类别的成员时，这种关于内部群体/外部群体身份的交叉线索有时会比关于外部群体成员身份的趋同线索所发现的群体间偏见减少。在先前的研究中，已经出现了六种关于对双内组、交叉和双外组靶标的相对偏向的具体模式。本研究引用了与情感唤醒相关的原理、类别显著差异的认知来源和背景结构，以解释每种模式何时会被发现。目前的研究在印象形成任务的背景下和在小组互动环境中评估了这些理论原则。关键的衡量标准包括自我报告的喜好、感知的相似性和对组内、跨组和组外目标的奖励分配，以及与不同类型目标互动的行为偏好。控制微笑和皱眉(皱眉)的面部肌肉的不可见运动的肌电测量(EMG)将分别评估非自愿的积极和负面影响。这在使用种族-民族成员的研究对象中很重要，因为目前针对大学年龄受试者的规范要求在实验室研究中通常使用的纸张和铅笔测量上掩盖对少数族裔群体的负面态度表达。拟议研究的结果将有助于构建更有效的群体间接触干预措施，并有助于减少群体间冲突。跨种族-族裔性别的群体间敌意和冲突，以及社会类别分化的其他重要方面(如年龄)可能是工作环境中错位的能量来源，导致生产率下降。拟议研究的结果可有助于制定一套工作环境的结构规则，以最大限度地减少生产力下降的这一根源。

9319752 MILLER ABSTRACT In culturally plural societies such as the U.S., individuals typically belong to several groups, (e.g. race, religion, occupation, place of residence, hobby or interest groups, etc.) When the social category memberships of an actor and another individual provide convergent evidence of their respective ingroup and outgroup identities, category distinctiveness is high and prejudice or bias is likely because there is no competing loyalties. By contrast, when an actor and a target person belong to different social categories on one dimension but are members of the same category on a second dimension, such crossed clues for ingroup/outgroup identity sometimes reduce intergroup bias in comparison to that found with convergent cues for outgroup membership. Six specific patterns regarding the relative bias toward double ingroup, crossed, and double outgroup targets have emerged in prior research. This research invokes principles related to affective arousal, cognitive sources of variation in category salience, and the structure of the setting, to explain when each pattern will be found. The current studies assess these theoretical principles in the context of impression formation tasks, and in ingroup interaction settings. Key measures include self-reports of liking, perceived similarity, and reward allocations toward ingroup, crossed, and outgroup targets, as well behavioral preferences for interacting with different types of targets. Electromyographic measures (EMG) of non-visible movement in facial muscles that control the smile and the frown (furrowing of the brow) will assess non-voluntary positive and negative affect respectively. This is important in studies that use targets who are members of racial-ethnic groups because current norms for our college age subjects invoke a masking of expression of negative attitudes toward ethnic minority groups on the paper and pencil measures typically used in laboratory research. Results from the proposed research will be useful for structuring more effective intergroup contact interventions and for reducing intergroup conflict. Intergroup hostility and conflict across racial-ethnic gender, and other important dimensions of social category differentiation (e.g. age) can be a source of misplaced energy in the work setting, contributing to lowered productivity. The outcomes of the proposed research can add to the development of a set of rules for structuring work settings so as to minimize this source of diminished productivity.