A Theoretical Analysis of Crossed Social Categorization Effects

[摘要]在美国这样的多元文化社会中，个体通常属于多个群体（如种族、宗教、职业、居住地、爱好或兴趣群体等），当演员和另一个个体的社会类别归属为他们各自的内群体和外群体身份提供趋同的证据时，类别独特性很高，偏见或偏见很可能出现，因为没有竞争性的忠诚。相比之下，当行为人和目标对象在一个维度上属于不同的社会类别，但在另一个维度上属于同一类别时，这种内/外群体身份的交叉线索有时会比外群体成员身份的趋同线索减少群体间偏见。关于双内群体、交叉群体和双外群体目标的相对偏向，已有六种特定的模式在先前的研究中出现。这项研究援引了与情感唤醒、类别显著性变化的认知来源和环境结构相关的原则，来解释每种模式何时会被发现。目前的研究在印象形成任务的背景下评估这些理论原则，在群体互动设置。关键的衡量标准包括自我报告的喜好、感知的相似性、对内群体、交叉群体和外群体目标的奖励分配，以及与不同类型目标互动的行为偏好。控制微笑和皱眉（眉头紧锁）的面部肌肉的不可见运动的肌电图测量（EMG）将分别评估非自愿的积极和消极影响。这在使用种族-民族群体成员作为研究对象的研究中很重要，因为目前对我们大学年龄的研究对象的规范，在实验室研究中通常使用的纸笔测量方法上，唤起了对少数民族群体消极态度的掩饰。所提出的研究结果将有助于构建更有效的群体间接触干预措施和减少群体间冲突。跨种族、跨民族、跨性别的群体间敌意和冲突，以及社会类别分化的其他重要维度（如年龄），都可能成为工作环境中能量错位的来源，导致生产力降低。拟议研究的结果可以有助于制定一套工作环境结构规则，以便最大限度地减少这种降低生产力的来源。

9319752 MILLER ABSTRACT In culturally plural societies such as the U.S., individuals typically belong to several groups, (e.g. race, religion, occupation, place of residence, hobby or interest groups, etc.) When the social category memberships of an actor and another individual provide convergent evidence of their respective ingroup and outgroup identities, category distinctiveness is high and prejudice or bias is likely because there is no competing loyalties. By contrast, when an actor and a target person belong to different social categories on one dimension but are members of the same category on a second dimension, such crossed clues for ingroup/outgroup identity sometimes reduce intergroup bias in comparison to that found with convergent cues for outgroup membership. Six specific patterns regarding the relative bias toward double ingroup, crossed, and double outgroup targets have emerged in prior research. This research invokes principles related to affective arousal, cognitive sources of variation in category salience, and the structure of the setting, to explain when each pattern will be found. The current studies assess these theoretical principles in the context of impression formation tasks, and in ingroup interaction settings. Key measures include self-reports of liking, perceived similarity, and reward allocations toward ingroup, crossed, and outgroup targets, as well behavioral preferences for interacting with different types of targets. Electromyographic measures (EMG) of non-visible movement in facial muscles that control the smile and the frown (furrowing of the brow) will assess non-voluntary positive and negative affect respectively. This is important in studies that use targets who are members of racial-ethnic groups because current norms for our college age subjects invoke a masking of expression of negative attitudes toward ethnic minority groups on the paper and pencil measures typically used in laboratory research. Results from the proposed research will be useful for structuring more effective intergroup contact interventions and for reducing intergroup conflict. Intergroup hostility and conflict across racial-ethnic gender, and other important dimensions of social category differentiation (e.g. age) can be a source of misplaced energy in the work setting, contributing to lowered productivity. The outcomes of the proposed research can add to the development of a set of rules for structuring work settings so as to minimize this source of diminished productivity.