Renal Function in Vertebrates

拟议的研究涉及这些机制和调节 肾脏排泄水、无机物和 有机物质。 它们涉及到调节 血液滤液的产生以及 有机和无机物质穿过肾小管细胞， 或者从最初的滤液回到血液中， 细胞或从血液灌注这些细胞到初始 滤液 被研究的有机物质是那些以 带正电荷的分子（主要是外源性神经阻滞 剂，四乙基铵，和烟酸的内源性产物 代谢，N1-甲基烟酰胺）和那些存在的负 带电分子（主要是外源化合物，p- 氨基马尿酸盐和氮代谢的内源性终产物， 尿酸盐）。 这些研究利用了相对简单的肾脏 爬行动物的运动（或某些特征）， 某些物质穿过小管细胞的运动）更加明显 比哺乳动物和鸟类复杂的肾脏， 类似于爬行动物的肾脏，部分类似于 哺乳动物 实验方法是一种综合方法， 探索膜细胞和整个器官水平的功能。 这些研究对于理解 肾脏使动物能够在特定的环境中生存， to changing变化environments环境. 这一认识尤为重要 在采取策略以确保动物的生存方面， 面对地球环境的重大变化， 这种策略对人类也很重要。 这些 研究还将提供实质性的洞察力， 野生或家养动物的肾脏处理有机 环境污染物，包括许多有毒化合物。 这 理解也适用于人类肾脏，不仅在 通常是有毒物质，而且在治疗剂方面， 当过量存在时可能有毒。 最后，这些研究将 提供有关肾脏排除尿酸盐的方式的信息， 一种在人类和其他人肾结石形成中的重要物质， 动物 //

The proposed studies concern the mechanisms and the regulation of those mechanisms whereby the kidneys excrete water, inorganic substances, and organic substances. They involve the regulation of the rate of production of a filtrate of the blood and the mechanisms by which organic and inorganic substances are moved across renal tubule cells, either from the initial filtrate back into the blood perfusing these cells or from the blood perfusing these cells into the initial filtrate. The organic substances being studied are those that exist as positively charged molecules (primarily the exogenous nerve blocking agent, tetraethylammonium, and the endogenous product of nicotinic acid metabolism, N1-methylnicotinamide) and those that exist as negatively charged molecules (primarily the exogenous compound, p- aminohippurate, and the endogenous end product of nitrogen metabolism, urate). These studies take advantage of the relatively simple kidneys of reptiles in which the movement (or some characteristic of the movement) of some substances across the tubule cells is more pronounced than in mammals, and the complex kidneys of birds, which in part resemble the kidneys of reptiles and in part resemble the kidneys of mammals. The experimental approach is an integrative one that explores function at the membrane cell, and whole organ levels. These studies are important for understanding the way in which the kidneys permit animals to survive in specific environments and to adapt to changing environments. This understanding is particularly important in terms of adopting strategies to insure the survival of animal populations in the face of major changes in the earth's environment. Such strategies may also be important to human populations. These studies will also provide substantial insight into the way in which the kidneys in wild or domestic animals populations handle organic environmental pollutants, including many toxic compounds. This understanding applies also to human kidneys, not only in terms of normally toxic substances but also in terms of therapeutic agents that can be toxic when present in excess. Finally, these studies will provide information on the way in which the kidneys eliminate urate, an important substance in renal stone formation in humans and other animals. //