The Integrative Aspects of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance in Birds

拟议的研究是一个综合方面的研究， 鸟类的体液和电解质平衡 因为缺乏一个 膀胱，鸟类的尿液进入膀胱的末端部分， 胃肠道泄殖腔 尿液不会残留 但会从口腔方向进入直肠 与能够主动转运的上皮组织接触。 因此，创造了条件，在这些条件下， 尿液可以被改变。 由于这种解剖和功能上的 鸟类的肾脏并不能单独控制 液体和电解质平衡，就像哺乳动物一样。 在这 建议，我计划调查这个系统的几个组成部分。 这些是：1）调查控制因素， 尿液从泄殖腔进入肠道的运动。 这是否 运动一直都在发生，还是随着成分的变化而变化？ 和尿量吗 如果它确实发生变化， 它们是如何被感知的，又是如何被发现的？ 2)的调查 鸟肾的浓缩机制 是什么限制了 鸟类肾脏浓缩尿液的能力 典型地， 鸟类的肾脏不能很好地浓缩尿液， 与哺乳动物相比。 3)关于捆绑的调查 尿酸转化为鸟类尿液中的蛋白质。 的浓度 鸟类尿液中的尿酸大大超过了 对该化合物的限制。 晶体的形成是由 尿酸与蛋白质（糖蛋白）的结合。 该怎么 蛋白质来自哪里，它是如何结合尿酸的？ 家禽 （原鸡）将被用作实验动物， 生成数据来测试该提议的假设。 数据 由拟议的研究产生的将导致更好的 了解液体和电解质平衡的调节 这将有助于纠正人们对鸟类的一些误解 管理规则。//

The proposed research is a study of the integrative aspects of fluid and electrolyte balance in birds. Because of the lack of a urinary bladder, the urine of birds enters the terminal portion of the gastrointestinal tract, the cloaca. The urine does not remain here, but moves in an oral direction into the rectum where it comes into contact with epithelial tissues capable of active transport. Thus, conditions are created under which the composition of the urine can be modified. Because of this anatomical and functional relationship, the kidneys of birds do not have sole control of fluid and electrolyte balance, as is the case for mammals. In this proposal, I plan to investigate several components of this system. These are: 1) An investigation of the factors that control the movement of urine from the cloaca into the intestine. Does this movement occur at all times, or does it vary with the composition and volume of the urine? If it does vary, what parameters are sensed and how are they detected? 2) An investigation of the concentrating mechanism of the bird kidney. What limits the capacity of the bird kidney to concentrate the urine? Typically, the kidneys of birds do not concentrate the urine well when compared to those of mammals. 3) An investigation of binding of uric acid to proteins in the urine of birds. The concentration of uric acid in the urine of birds greatly exceeds the solubility limits for this compound. Crystal formation is prevented by the binding of uric acid to a protein (glycoprotein). Where does this protein come from and how does it bind uric acid? Domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) are to be used as experimental animals to generate data to test the hypothesis of this proposal. Data generated by the proposed research will lead to a better understanding of the regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance and should help to correct some of the misconceptions about avian osmoregulation.//