The Selection of Distractors and Eyewitness Identification Accuracy

干扰物的选择与目击者识别准确性

• 批准号: 9022182
• 负责人: Gary Wells
• 金额: $ 17.7万
• 依托单位: Iowa State University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 1991
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1991-08-01 至 1994-01-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9022182&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Selection; Distractors; Eyewitness; Identification; Accuracy

Sociolegal scholars have devoted considerable attention to research in the area of eyewitness evidence and identification in recent years. Although significant advances have been made in the scientific identification from lineups and photospreads, all progress has been of one form, namely reducing the likelihood of false identification without affecting adversely the likelihood of correct identifications (hits). The selection of distracters so as to meet functional or effective-size requirements has been a major tool for reducing false identification rates. This project follows on the recent theoretical argument that, depending on the strategy used to select distracters, two lineups of equal functional or effective size can have different amounts of propitious (beneficial) heterogeneity with the result of having strikingly different hit rates. It is argued from theory and pilot data that implementing ways of maximizing the variance between the suspect and the distractors can improve the hit rates so that witnesses are more likely to correctly identify the suspect. Three experiments are designed to fully test the propitious heterogeneity idea for improving hit rates without inflating false identification rates. The experiments follow a basic format in which crimes are staged for unsuspecting witnesses who later are presented with a lineup and asked to identify the culprit. Comparisons are made between lineups that include distracters who were chosen to (a) resemble the suspect, (b) match the eyewitness's description of the culprit, or (c) match the description plus maximize the propitious variance. A confidence-accuracy relation will be assessed in each experiment with the expectation that the relation will be stronger when propitious variance is high. This research has theoretical value in advancing basic understanding of the process of eyewitness identification. From a practical standpoint, such knowledge about the dynamics of lineup procedures could lead to increased quality and efficiency by which justice is administered in criminal cases. Finally, in the area of cognitive psychology, the study will illuminate theoretical issues associated with recognition memory.

社会法学家投入了大量的精力进行研究 在目击者证据和鉴定方面， 年 虽然在这方面取得了重大进展， 科学鉴定从阵容和照片，所有 进步是一种形式，即减少 虚假身份而不影响 正确识别（命中）。 干扰物的选择 以满足功能或有效尺寸的要求一直是一个 降低错误识别率的主要工具。 这个项目 根据最近的理论论点，根据 用于选择干扰物的策略， 功能或有效尺寸可以具有不同的量， 有利的（有益的）异质性， 有着惊人的不同命中率 本文从理论和试点两个方面进行了论证 数据，实现最大化之间的差异的方法， 嫌疑人和干扰物可以提高命中率， 证人更有可能正确地指认嫌疑人。 设计了三个实验来充分验证该方法的可行性 提高命中率而不增加虚假信息的异质性思想 识别率。 实验遵循一个基本的格式， 哪些罪行是为毫无戒心的证人上演的， 并要求指认罪犯 比较的阵容，包括分心， 被选择来（a）与嫌疑犯相似，（B）与目击者的 罪犯的描述，或（c）符合描述加上 最大化有利方差。 置信度-准确度关系 将在每个实验中进行评估， 当有利方差较大时，关系会更强。 本研究对推进基础教育具有一定的理论价值 了解目击证人的辨认过程。 从 一个实用的观点，这种关于阵容动态的知识， 程序可以提高质量和效率， 司法是在刑事案件中进行的。 最后，在该地区， 认知心理学，研究将阐明理论 与认知记忆相关的问题。