Ceramic Production and the Economic Organization of Protohistoric Zuni Society

在国家科学基金会的支持下，芭芭拉·米尔斯博士将对两个祖尼陶器样本进行分析。其中一件来自19世纪和20世纪初从活人身上收集的完整器皿。另一种是从公元15世纪至17世纪的已知祖尼遗址出土的考古材料。研究的目的是以民族志样本为对照，在此基础上重建早期的陶器制作和社会组织。米尔斯博士将重点研究血管的形状和大小，以及建造这些血管的原材料。她特别关注标准化程度，因为这可以作为社会组织的间接衡量标准。她将使用仪器中子活化分析、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱和电子探针分析来分析原材料。原料制备的标准化程度将通过视觉成像技术来确定。美国仔细的人种学研究始于19世纪末的S，对于那个时期的祖尼人等群体，有很多第一手资料。然而，考虑到欧洲人接触的影响越来越大，随着时间的推移，美洲原住民的社会组织有多稳定还不确定。对于人类学家来说，这构成了一个重大问题，因为19世纪和20世纪的模型通常会被追溯到过去(其有效性令人怀疑)。米尔斯博士假定，陶瓷生产的组织反映了社会组织：特别是权力集中的程度。通过对受到良好控制的民族志和考古陶器样本的分析，她将能够研究随着时间的推移而发生的社会变化。这项研究之所以重要，有几个原因。它将增加我们对美洲原住民历史和史前历史的了解。它还将有助于开发将在世界许多地方用于人类学的技术。

With National Science Foundation support, Dr. Barbara Mills will conduct an analysis of two Zuni pottery samples. One derives from complete vessels collected from living individuals in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The other comes from archaeological materials excavated from known Zuni sites which were occupied from the 15th to 17th centuries A.D. The goal of the study is to use the ethnographic samples as a control and on this basis, reconstruct both pottery making and social organization during the earlier period. Dr. Mills will focus on both shape and size of vessels as well as the raw materials from which they are constructed. In particular, she is concerned with degrees of standardization since this can be taken as an indirect measure of social organization. She will analyze raw material through use of Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis, Inductively-Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy and electron microprobe analysis. The degree of standardization in raw material preparation will be determined through visual imaging techniques. Careful ethnographic studies in the United States began in the late 1800's and much first hand data are available for groups like the Zuni from that period. However, it is uncertain how stable native American social organization is over time, given increasing influence of European contact. For anthropologists, this poses a major problem since 19th and 20th century models are usually (and with doubtful validity) extended back in time. Dr. Mills postulates that organization of ceramic manufacture reflects societal organization: especially degree of authority centralization. Through analysis of well controlled ethnographic and archaeological pottery samples, she will be able to examine social change through time. This research is important for several reasons. It will increase our understanding of native American history and prehistory. It will also serve to develop techniques which will be of anthropological use in many parts of the world.