Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: The Protohistoric Tewa World: Coalescence and Identity in the Northern Rio Grande Region, New Mexico

在芭芭拉·米尔斯（Barbara Mills）博士的指导下，塞缪尔·杜威（Samuel Duwe）将研究在人口聚合或区域人口在更大但更少的地点形成核的过程中，在祖先普韦布洛社区中，群体身份是如何形成和转变的。更具体地说，这项研究将集中在新墨西哥北部的经典时期（公元1325-1600年）特瓦村庄。在大约250年的时间里，40个大村庄经历了人口合并。到公元1598年西班牙殖民时，只有6个特瓦村庄仍然有人居住。尽管这种住宅结构调整的原因一直是一个世纪以来研究的焦点，但很少有研究考察迁居者本身的社会影响。调查群体身份，或者个人和集体区别于其他个人和集体的方式，可以更清楚地了解史前人类社会网络是如何组织的。本研究以群体认同作为社会变迁的代表，试图了解特瓦村民如何在剧烈动荡的时期适应他们的社会制度，以及合并如何促成西班牙殖民者、盎格鲁探险家和人类学家所遇到的历史性特瓦身份的形成。本研究将从三个维度来衡量祖先Tewa群体身份在融合过程中的变化：人们在景观中的移动地点和时间，区域内外的陶瓷交换关系，以及仪式空间的精心设计和使用的变化。杜威将主要关注11个大的普韦布洛部落，绘制遗址地图，表面收集文物，分析表面收集和博物馆收藏的陶器，并进行化学成分分析。这项拟议研究的知识价值有三个方面：区域、考古和人类学。该项目将对北部大格兰德和大西南地区的考古做出重大贡献。这项研究将为居住和仪式特征提供时间和空间数据，并首次对特瓦普韦布洛人的粘土和陶瓷进行大规模化学分析。在这项研究中使用的方法将是重要的其他考古学家工作在大西南地区和史前社会在世界范围内研究类似的过程人口合并和居住重组。本研究中使用的模型将通过呈现对人类行为日益复杂和细致入微的理解，进一步使用诸如身份和融合等理论程序来促进考古话语。从更广泛的意义上说，拟议的研究将实际应用于贯穿现代人类学研究的伦理和政治方面，特别是当今人民与过去定居点的文化联系。由于该项目追踪历史和现代特瓦普韦布洛社会身份的形成，该项目收集的数据将提供有关土著群体的信息，这些信息可能通过超越传统定义的考古文化区域来支持与当代人口的联系。这些信息将在实地考察和与当地普韦布洛社区的会谈以及详细报告中传播。这些信息将有助于确定文化归属和过去的景观利用。

Samuel Duwe, under the supervision of Dr. Barbara Mills, will examine the ways in which group identity was created and transformed among ancestral Pueblo communities during population coalescence, or the process of regional populations nucleating at larger but fewer sites. More specifically, this research will focus on the Classic Period (A.D. 1325-1600) Tewa villages of northern New Mexico. Over an approximately 250-year period forty large villages underwent population coalescence. By the time of Spanish colonization in A.D. 1598, only six Tewa villages remained occupied. Although the causes of this residential restructuring have been the focus of a century of research, few studies have examined the social effects on the movers themselves. Investigating group identity, or the ways in which individuals and collectives are distinguished from other individuals and collectives, allows for a clearer understanding of how human social networks were organized in prehistory. Using group identity as a proxy for social change, this research attempts to understand how Tewa villagers adapted their social systems during a period of dramatic upheaval, and how coalescence contributed to the formation of the historic Tewa identity encountered by the Spanish colonists and Anglo explorers and anthropologists. This research will measure changes in ancestral Tewa group identity during coalescence in three dimensions: where and when people were moving across the landscape, ceramic exchange relationships within and outside the region, and changes in the elaboration and use of ritual spaces. Focusing primarily on 11 large pueblos, Duwe will map sites, surface collect artifacts, analyze pottery from surface collected and museum collections, and conduct chemical compositional analyses. The intellectual merit of this proposed research is three fold: regional, archaeological, and anthropological. This project will make substantial regional contributions to the archaeology of the Northern Rio Grande and the Greater Southwest. The research will provide chronological and spatial data for both residential and ritual features, as well as the first large-scale chemical analyses of clay and ceramics for the Tewa pueblos. The methodologies used in this research will be important for other archaeologists working in the Greater Southwest and in prehistoric societies worldwide who study similar processes of population coalescence and residential reorganization. The model used in this study will further archaeological discourse in using theoretical programs such as identity and coalescence by presenting an increasingly complex and nuanced understanding of human behavior. In broader terms, the proposed research will have practical applications to the ethical and political aspects that permeate modern anthropological research, especially the cultural affiliation of present-day peoples to past settlements. Because this project tracks the formation of historic and modern Tewa Pueblo social identity, the data collected in this project will provide information on indigenous groups that may support links to contemporary populations by looking beyond traditionally defined archaeological culture areas. This information will be disseminated in site tours and talks with local Pueblo communities, as well as detailed reports. Such information will be useful in determining cultural affiliation and past landscape use.