Gang Behavior and the Control of Crime in the U.S. Inner City

美国内城的帮派行为和犯罪控制

• 批准号: 9210826
• 负责人: George Akerlof
• 金额: $ 17.22万
• 依托单位: University of California-Berkeley
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 1992
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1992-07-01 至 1995-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9210826&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Gang; Behavior; Control; Crime; U.S.

During the last thirty years, there has been a burgeoning of crime in U.S. inner city neighborhoods. Over this period, gang behavior is believed to have changed, with gangs becoming more intensely involved in income earning pursuits, especially in the sale of drugs. The level of police control in gang ridden neighborhoods has also deteriorated. This research will use recent sociological findings to model crime and gang behavior. The resulting theory will be useful in understanding the determinants of crime and in evaluating policies geared to halt the deterioration of inner cites in the United States. This project builds on the important recent sociological study by Martin Sanchez Jankowski, which provides a detailed portrait of the operation of teenage gangs in three U.S. cities. Gangs are portrayed as neighborhood militia, whose communities forbear their crimes in return for protection they afford against the depredation of outsiders. In contrast, the prevailing economic theory of crime, due to Gary Becker, ignores the role of the community in determining the level of criminal activity. This research will entail modifying the prevailing economic theory of crime to include the critical role of the community. Crime is not only due to the behavior of individual offenders, but also to the community's noncooperation with the police and the police's attendant loss of control of criminal activity. The theory predicts that in neighborhoods which are sufficiently rich, crime will not pay; in poorer neighborhoods, however, crime will pay, and the police will lose control in the sense that the community will not cooperate. Nevertheless, police monitoring and legal penalties still affect criminal activity. Crime is largely determined by the threshold at which the community will switch from protecting their neighborhood gangs to helping the police. A model is developed to analyze alternative crime control measures and to expand the research to study the interrelationships among crime and other inner city problems such as the disappearance of jobs, increased homelessness and the breakdown in family relations.

在过去的三十年里， 美国城市中心区的犯罪 在这段时间里， 据信，人们的行为已经发生了变化，帮派越来越多， 强烈参与赚取收入的追求，特别是在 销售毒品。 警方对黑帮的控制程度 邻里关系也在恶化。 这项研究将使用 最新的社会学发现来模拟犯罪和帮派行为。 由此产生的理论将有助于理解 在评估旨在遏制犯罪的政策方面， 美国内城区的恶化。 该项目建立在最近重要的社会学研究的基础上， 马丁·桑切斯·扬科夫斯基（Martin Sanchez Jankowski）提供了一幅详细的肖像画， 美国三个城市的青少年帮派活动 团伙 被描绘成邻里民兵，他们的社区容忍 他们的罪行，以换取他们提供的保护， 掠夺外人。 相反，当前的经济 犯罪理论，由于加里贝克尔，忽视了作用的 社区在确定犯罪活动的水平。 这 研究将需要修改现行的经济理论， 犯罪包括社区的关键作用。 犯罪是 不仅是因为个别罪犯的行为，而且 社区与警方的不合作， 随之而来的犯罪活动失控。 该理论预测，在足够大的社区中， 富人，犯罪不会得到回报;在贫穷的社区，然而，犯罪 会付出代价，警察会失去控制， 社区不会合作。 尽管如此，警方监测 法律的惩罚仍然影响着犯罪活动。 犯罪是 这在很大程度上取决于社区将 从保护他们的邻里帮派转向帮助 警察 建立了一个分析替代犯罪的模型 控制措施，并扩大研究，研究 犯罪和其他市中心问题之间的相互关系， 随着工作的消失，无家可归者的增加， 家庭关系破裂。