The Impact of Economic Development on the Extraction of Non-Timber Forest Products by the Sumu Indians of Nicaragua

热带地区的经济发展导致了热带雨林的大面积破坏，主要是由于商业伐木和为牧场和农业而进行的砍伐。不那么显著但同样重要的是，非木材林产品（NTFP），如药用植物、鱼类和狩猎动物以及某些蔬菜资源（如巴西坚果）受到经济发展的强烈影响。因此，了解当地和全球力量促进或延缓热带森林生物多样性的破坏是很重要的。该项目的目标是首次衡量经济发展对尼加拉瓜苏木印第安人采伐非木材林产品的影响。研究人员假设，通过收入增加的经济发展：(1)鼓励觅食专业化（即收获野生资源），导致NTFP的提取减少；(2)增加非觅食职业在家庭收入中所占的比例；(3)每年从NTFP提取中产生约50美元/公顷的价值；(4)导致进入商业渠道的NTFP枯竭和面对更便宜的工业替代品的可持续提取。为了验证这些假设，一个多学科研究小组（植物学家、动物学家和人类学家）将在一个贫穷和一个富裕的苏木村庄进行为期两年半的实地研究，以收集有关资源收集、觅食活动的生态可持续性、家庭经济和NTFP价值的数据。这些村庄是根据1992年进行的试点研究特别选定的。这项研究将为我们提供有关热带雨林发展对人类、生态和经济影响的基本信息。研究人员希望能够解释，随着经济的现代化，人们对森林植物和动物的利用为何以及如何发生变化。他们将首次对森林每年从觅食中获得的价值进行严格的定量估计。最后，它们将为人类在热带雨林中觅食的短期可持续性提供第一个直接衡量标准。ts会议​!!!F v v (Times New Roman Symbol & Arial ？"这是抽象的，为艾什顿，上帝，抽象的，上帝，艾什顿，上帝，抽象的，雷蒙德，詹姆斯，雷蒙德，詹姆斯

Economic development in the tropics has led to wide-spread destruction of rain forests largely through commercial logging and clear cutting for ranching and agriculture. Less dramatically but just as importantly, non-timber forest products (NTFP) such as medicinal plants, fish and game animals, and certain vegetable resources (e.g., Brazil nuts) are strongly effected by economic development. Therefore, it is important to understand the local and global forces advance or retard the destruction of biodiversity in tropical forests. The goal of this project is to measure, for the first time, the impact of economic development on the extraction of non-timber forest products by the Sumu Indians of Nicaragua. The researchers hypothesize that economic development through increases in income: (1) encourages foraging specialization (i.e., harvesting of wild resources), resulting in the extraction of fewer NTFP; (2) increases the share of household income from non-foraging occupations; (3) produces a yearly value from NTFP extraction of about US$ 50/hectare; and (4) produces depletion of NTFP entering commercial channels and sustainable extraction of NTFP facing cheaper industrial substitutes. To test these hypotheses a multidisciplinary team of researchers (a botanist, zoologist, and anthropologist) will conduct field research over the course of 2.5 years in a poor and in a rich Sumu village to collect data on resource collection, ecological sustainability of foraging activities, household economics, and the value of NTFP. These villages were specially selected based on pilot research conducted in 1992. This research should provide us fundamental information on the human, ecological, and economic impact of development in the rain forest. The researchers hope to provide an explanation of why and how people's use of both forest plants and animals changes as an economy modernizes. They will provide the first rigorous, quantitative estimate of the yearly value of the forest from foraging. Finally, they will provide one of the first direct measures of the short-run sustainability of human foraging in the tropical rain forest. ts meeting ! ! ! F v v ( Times New Roman Symbol & Arial ? " h i abstract for ashton godoy abstract godoy ashton godoy abstract Raymond Hames Raymond Hames