Dissertation Research: A Case Study of the Relationship Between Ontogeny and Phylogeny: The Phylogenetic Relationships of Sepsidae (Diptera)

9310600惠勒对Sepsidae（昆虫纲：双翅目）进行了系统发育分析。分析将包括三个基本独立的数据集，包括卵，幼虫和成虫的形态特征。幼虫性状将被用来检验确定性状转化序列极性的“个体发育标准”。Hennig（1966）基于字符优先的传统版本将与纳尔逊（1978）基于一般性的规则进行比较。由卵和成虫性状组成的独立数据集将被用来判断个体发育标准或外群比较是否对性状极性做出更准确的预测。物种个体发育将映射到来自鸡蛋和成人的字符的分支图，允许在个体发育的变化在系统发育时间的直接研究，和广泛讨论的现象，如插入，替换和删除状态的流行。亚利桑那大学正在研究Sepsidae的交配行为和精子竞争;所产生的特征将被映射到分支图上，以了解为什么在Sepsidae中，前繁殖守卫明显独立地进化了几次。Sepsidae是苍蝇的一个家族，其许多成员在牛粪以及其他腐烂材料中产卵和发育。本计画将利用卵、幼虫及成虫的独立资料，分析所有属及科中约半数种间的亲缘关系。由此产生的框架将被用来解决有趣的行为，如男性守卫女性在产卵地点的起源。***

9310600 Wheeler A phylogenetic analysis of the family Sepsidae (Insecta: Diptera) is proposed. The analysis will comprise three largely independent data sets consisting of egg, larval and adult morphological characters. The larval characters will be used to test the "ontogenetic criterion" for determining the polarity of character transformation series. Hennig's (1966) traditional version based on character precedence will be compared with Nelson's (1978) rule based on generality. The independent data set composed of egg and adult characters will be used to judge whether the ontogenetic criterion or outgroup comparison makes more accurate predictions about character polarity. Species ontogenies will be mapped onto the cladogram derived from egg and adult characters, allowing the direct study of changes in ontogeny over phylogenetic time, and the prevalence of widely discussed phenomena like insertions, substitutions, and deletions of states. A study of mating behavior and sperm competition in Sepsidae is under way at the University of Arizona; resulting characters will be mapped onto the cladogram in order to gain an understanding of why precopulatory guarding apparently evolved several times independently within the Sepsidae. %%% The Sepsidae are a family of flies with many of its members ovipositing and developing in cow dung as well as other decaying materials. This project will utilize independent data sets of egg, larval and adult characters to analyze relationships among all of the genera and about half of the species in the family. The resulting framework will be used to address the origins of interesting behaviors such a male guarding of females at the oviposition sites. ***