Swarming Behavior of Zooplankton

小行星9314934 浮游动物在不同的时间和空间尺度上的群集已经被观察到：拳头大小的Acartia短暂云在珊瑚头后面的漩涡中形成，或者被发现在光柱周围研磨，以存在于深度的广泛层或作为深散射层迁移。 虽然聚集行为已经在较大的水生生物（鱼，磷虾）和陆生动物（鸟类，昆虫）中得到了很好的研究，但对桡足类如何形成聚集体以及它们如何保持斑块以对抗随机运动的趋势和海洋中混合的分散能量知之甚少。 此外，也有一些定量的知识，导致浮游动物聚集的线索，也不是这些聚集的目的。 在桡足类的群集行为的详细研究是必要的，但这还没有做过，因为限制在实际观察群集行为或监测的情况下，人们可以定量评估其聚集动力学。 该研究项目将使用激光照明视频成像在实验室环境中观察和记录浮游动物，并将研究浮游动物群形成和维持的运动学，以量化三维动物-动物相互作用以及三维动物-流体运动。 该项目将确定桡足类对吸引群体成员的不同方式（光、气味、运动接收）的线索的敏感性，并量化维持群体对抗运动分散的力量。 将研究引诱剂强度和群体成员的种类（阶段、性别、大小）对群体大小、密度和分布（间隔距离）以及对游泳行为（姿势、方向、转向和碰撞频率、速度和加速度）的影响。 为了验证实验室的研究结果，将在自然界中原位检查蜂群的行为和蜂群形成对指定引诱剂的反应动力学。 ***

9314934 Yen Swarming of zooplankton at various temporal and spatial scales have been observed: where fist-sized ephemeral clouds of Acartia form in eddies behind coral heads or are found milling around shafts of light, to extensive layers existing at depth or migrating as deep-scattering layers. While aggregative behavior has been well-studied in larger aquatic organisms (fish, krill) and terrestrial animals (birds, insects), little is known of how copepods form aggregates nor how they maintain the patch against the tendency of spreading by random motion and the dispersive energy of mixing in the ocean. Furthermore, there is little quantitative knowledge of the cues that cause aggregations in zooplankton nor of the purpose of these aggregations. A detailed study of swarming behavior in copepods is needed yet this has not been done before because of limitations in making actual observations of swarming behavior or in monitoring situations where one can quantitatively evaluate their aggregative dynamics. This research project will observe and record zooplankton in a laboratory setting using laser-illuminated video imaging, and it will examine the kinematics of the formation and maintenance of zooplankton swarms to an attractive marker with a quantification of the 3-dimensional animal-animal interactions as well as the 3D animal-fluid motion. The project will determine the sensitivity of copepods to cues of different modalities (light-, odor-, motion- reception) which attract swarm members and to quantify the forces that maintain a swarm against dispersion by motion. The effects of attractant intensity and the species of the swarm member (stage, sex, size ) on swarm size, density and distribution (separation distance) as well as on swimming behavior (posture, orientation, turning and collision frequency, velocity and acceleration) will be investigated. To verify laboratory findings, the behavior of swarms and the dynamics of swarm formation in respo nse to a designated attractant will be examined in situ in nature. ***