Gender Differences in Infants' and Parents' Social Interaction

婴儿和父母社交互动的性别差异

• 批准号: 9514495
• 负责人: Edward Tronick
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Children's Hospital Corporation
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 1996
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1996-08-01 至 1999-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9514495&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Gender; Differences; Infants; Parents; Social

Early gender differences in infants' social emotional behavior during mother-infant and father-infant interactions will be evaluated longitudinally at 3 and 6 months of infant age. 96 infants (48 boys, 48 girls) and their mothers and fathers will participate in the study. At each age, infants will be videotaped during a 3-minute face-to-face social interaction with each parent. Parents will also provide demographic information and independently complete self-report instruments that assess their emotional state, perceptions of infant temperament, parenting goals, adaptation to parenthood, social support, marital adjustment, and involvement in infant caretaking. The videotapes of the infants', mothers', and fathers' behavior and facial expressions will be scored microanalytically using the Infant Regulatory Scoring System (IRSS), the Adult Interactant Regulatory Scoring System (AIRSS), and Izard's AFFEX system. Gender-related differences in maternal and paternal social emotional behavior as well as dyadic features of infant-parent interactions will be assessed. Specific hypotheses guided by the Mutual Regulation Model and prior research are proposed. It is hypothesized that infant boys are less able than infant girls to regulate their affective states during parent-infant interaction. Moreover, fathers are hypothesized to be more likely than mothers to have an arousing interactive style. Behavioral and affective differences among cross-gender pairs of infants and parents are also hypothesized as are the effects of contextual variables such as marital adjustment. Fathers and mothers play different roles in the development of infant affect regulation. Children may also develop different behavior patterns from each parent, and these different dyadic experiences may have ramifications for their socio-personality development. However, it remains unclear how the characteristics of mother-infant and father-infant interactions affect the development of socio-emotional and regulatory behavior in male and female infants and the ontogenesis of gender-related differences in later psychological functioning. Thus, the proposed project will add significantly to the extant literature on gender differences in early infancy, extend theories of normal social development, and guide future research. %%% Early gender differences in infants' social emotional behavior during mother-infant and father-infant interactions will be evaluated at 3 and 6 months of infant age. At each age, 96 infants (48 boys, 48 girls) will be videotaped during social interaction with their mother and their father. In addition, each parent's emotional state, perceptions of infant temperament, parenting goals, adaptation to parenthood, social support, marital adjustment, and involvement in infant caretaking will be assessed. This project is unique in evaluating gender differences in the social emotional interactive behavior of infants under one year of age with their mothers and, in particular, their fathers. The study will examine whether and how infants develop different behavior patterns from each parent and whether this influences their social and personality development. The study will also evaluate the different roles fathers and mothers play in the development of infants' ability to control impulses, anger, and aggression. A focus on these issues is of critical importance and will significantly add to our understanding of the origin of gender-related differences in later psychological functioning (such as higher rates of aggressive behavior in male children). The American family is changing and an increasing number of children are growing up without a father at home. This project, by evaluating the role fathers and mothers play in the social and emotional development of their sons and daughters, will begin to address this important issue.

在婴儿3个月和6个月大时，将对母婴和父婴互动过程中婴儿社交情绪行为的早期性别差异进行纵向评估。96名婴儿(48名男孩，48名女孩)及其父母将参与这项研究。在每个年龄段，婴儿将在与父母面对面的3分钟社交互动中被拍摄下来。父母还将提供人口统计信息和独立完整的自我报告工具，评估他们的情绪状态、对婴儿气质的看法、育儿目标、为人父母的适应能力、社会支持、婚姻适应以及参与婴儿照料。婴儿、母亲和父亲的行为和面部表情的录像带将使用婴儿调节评分系统(IRSS)、成人互动调节评分系统(AIRSS)和Izard的Affex系统进行微观分析评分。将评估母亲和父亲社会情感行为的性别差异以及婴儿与父母互动的二元性特征。在相互管制模型和前人研究的指导下，提出了具体的假设。在亲子互动过程中，男婴比女婴更不能调节自己的情感状态。此外，据推测，父亲比母亲更有可能拥有激动人心的互动风格。跨性别婴儿和父母之间的行为和情感差异也是假设的，婚姻适应等背景变量的影响也是如此。父亲和母亲在婴幼儿情绪发育调节中扮演着不同的角色。孩子们也可能会从父母那里发展出不同的行为模式，这些不同的二元性经历可能会对他们的社会个性发展产生影响。然而，目前尚不清楚母婴和父婴相互作用的特点如何影响男婴和女婴的社会情绪和调节行为的发展，以及性别相关心理功能差异的个体发生。因此，拟议的项目将大大增加现有的关于婴儿期性别差异的文献，扩展正常社会发展的理论，并指导未来的研究。将在婴儿3个月和6个月时评估母婴和父婴互动过程中婴儿社交情绪行为的早期性别差异。在每个年龄段，96名婴儿(48名男孩，48名女孩)将在与他们的母亲和父亲的社交互动中被拍摄下来。此外，还将评估每一位父母的情绪状态、对婴儿气质的看法、育儿目标、对父母的适应、社会支持、婚姻适应以及参与婴儿照料。该项目在评估一岁以下婴儿与母亲，特别是与父亲的社会情感互动行为方面的性别差异方面是独一无二的。这项研究将研究婴儿是否以及如何从父母那里发展出不同的行为模式，以及这是否会影响他们的社交和个性发展。这项研究还将评估父亲和母亲在婴儿控制冲动、愤怒和攻击性的能力发展中扮演的不同角色。对这些问题的关注是至关重要的，并将大大增加我们对以后心理功能中与性别相关的差异(如男性儿童更高的攻击性行为发生率)的起源的理解。美国家庭正在发生变化，越来越多的孩子在没有父亲的情况下成长。该项目通过评估父亲和母亲在儿女的社会和情感发展中所起的作用，将开始解决这一重要问题。