DIFFERENCES IN SWALLOW MECHANICS IN INFANTS

描述：吞咽需要20多块肌肉的协调。 然而，这些肌肉的活动模式在口腔和 吞咽的咽部阶段知之甚少， 已知来自外围的反馈如何与来自外围的控制集成， 更高的中心产生燕子。此外， 断奶时吞咽发生变化，但几乎没有关于 运动模式的发展差异。这类详细资料 不仅对了解正常的吞咽是必不可少的， 也用于吞咽困难的临床治疗。该项目将开发 猪在三个年龄段的吞咽功能的完整模型： 新生儿、近断奶婴儿和断奶后婴儿。在每一个年龄，在两个 单独的一组实验，推注和推注的运动， 将确定用于吞咽的口咽结构 同步肌电图记录， 参与的肌肉。第一组实验将使用清醒 正常喂养的动物和记录从有限数量的肌肉 无需大范围手术即可获得。第二组将是两个阶段 终端实验在第一阶段维持氯胺酮 麻醉后，将记录大量肌肉的活动 通过更广泛的手术达到;燕子将在 氯胺酮通过类似于正常刺激的刺激麻醉动物 喂食在第二阶段，运动皮层或大脑半球 将被删除，吞咽引起的相同的刺激， 第一阶段。这将测试肌肉活动的模式 在吞咽过程中由固定的脑干运动模式控制， 随着年龄的增长而变化，或者这种运动模式是否可以通过 引发吞咽的刺激的性质。综合这些 实验将确定年龄和外界影响对 燕子的本性

DESCRIPTION: Swallowing requires coordination of more than 20 muscles. However the activity pattern of these muscles during the oral and pharyngeal stages of the swallow is poorly understood and little is known how feedback from the periphery is integrated with control from higher centers to produce a swallow. Furthermore, the nature of the swallow changes at weaning, but almost no information exits on developmental differences in motor patterns. Such detailed information is essential not only for the understanding of a normal swallow, but also for the clinical management of dysphagia. This project will develop a complete model of swallowing function in the pig at three ages: neonate, near weaning infant and postweaning. At each age, in two separate set of experiments, the movements of the bolus and of the oropharyngeal structures used in swallowing will be determined cineradiographically, with synchronous electromyographic recordings of the muscles involved. The first set of experiments will use awake normally feeding animals and record from the limited number of muscles accessible without extensive surgery. The second set will be a two-stage terminal experiment. In the first stage under maintained Ketamine anesthesia, activity will be recorded from the larger number of muscles reached by more extensive surgery; swallows will be elicited in the Ketamine anesthetized animals by stimuli similar to those of normal feeding. In the second stage, the motor cortices or cerebral hemispheres will be removed and swallows elicited by the same stimuli as in the first stage. This will test whether the pattern of muscle activity during the swallow is controlled by a fixed brainstem motor pattern that changes with age or whether this motor pattern can be modified by the nature of the stimuli initiating the swallow. Taken together these experiments will determine the effects of age and outside influences on the nature of swallow.