Sexual Orientation Policy, Protest, and the State

小行星9623937 许多当代社会运动，如支持堕胎、民权运动和新左派运动，在过去的二十年里越来越多地采用诉讼策略。 这些运动还采用了温和的改革派言论，这种言论已经被从激进的基层团体到专业组织的组织转变所取代。 社会运动对公共政策的影响在美国50个州有很大的不同。 本研究探讨了美国的女同性恋和男同性恋运动，试图解释一般的变化，在社会运动和由此产生的政策结果的集体行动的形式。 研究的第一阶段从历史上和定量地考察了美国五十个州的两项道德政策（成年人之间私下自愿鸡奸的合法化以及男女同性恋权利法令的通过）。 本研究以福利国家与社会运动文献为基础，探讨社会运动积极主义、民主政治与民意对这两项政策的影响。 研究的第二阶段，其中包括运动文件的检查和采访活动家和国家演员，比较形式的集体行动在三个州（佛蒙特州，路易斯安那州和纽约），不同的政策结果，宗教权利的力量，并获得政体。 ***

9623937 Amenta Many contemporary social movements, such as the pro-choice, civil rights, and New Left movements have engaged increasingly over the past twenty years in litigious tactics. These movements have also employed a moderate reformist rhetoric that has been paralleled by organizational shifts from radical grassroots groups to professional organizations. The impact of the social movements on public policies has varied greatly across the fifty American states. This study examines the American lesbian and gay movement in an attempt to explain generally changes in forms of collective action within social movements and the resulting policy outcomes. The first stage of the research examines two morality policies (the decriminalization of consensual sodomy between adults in private and the passage of lesbian and gay right ordinances) historically and quantitatively over time and across the fifty American states. Drawing on the welfare state and social movement literature, this research explores the impact of social movement activism, democratic politics and public opinion on these two policies. The second stage of the research, which includes examination of movement documents and interviews with activists and state actors, compares forms of collective action across three states (Vermont, Louisiana and New York) that vary on policy outcomes, Religious Right strength, and access to the polity. ***