Aerodynamics, Wing Biomechanics, and the Evolutionary Diversification of the Chiroptera

空气动力学、机翼生物力学和翼手目的进化多样化

• 批准号: 9723736
• 负责人: Sharon Swartz
• 金额: $ 7.3万
• 依托单位: Brown University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 1997
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1997-08-15 至 2000-01-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9723736&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Aerodynamics; Wing; Biomechanics; Evolutionary; Diversification

Swartz 9723736 The origin and elaboration of evolutionary novelty comprise one of the most fundamental areas of evolutionary inquiry. In this light, the structure of vertebrate wings, their derivation, and their function during flight have attracted the attention of biologists and engineers for many years. However, the accurate estimation of the forces developed within the structural components of the wing, and the full understanding of the mechanical, aerodynamic, and energetic significance of the wing form and wing movement patterns have been neglected. As a consequence, knowledge of the evolutionary origins and history of diversification of flight apparatus remains primitive In this study, we will model the flight of a large bat to analyze aerodynamics, mechanics, and energetics. A bat has been selected as our study organism because bats are characterized by an anatomical organization (rigid bony elements interconnected by an elastic wing membrane) that is relatively simple to model in a biologically realistic fashion. The PI will the use our computer simulation to ask: 1) what are the magnitudes of the joint forces and moments in the wing during flight? how large are the skin and bone stresses developed within the wing?; 2) how do small-scale variations in wing morphology and kinematics affect the joint forces and moments and the skin and bone stresses developed within the wing? 3) what features of wing morphology and kinematics affect the maneuverability, structural stability and aerodynamic performance of the wing, and the mechanical power of flight? These questions will be answered by accomplishing a series of interrelated objectives. A mechanically and biologically realistic computer model of a flying bat will be developed, based on Pteropus poliocephalus, the gray-headed flying fox, a species from which a great deal of functional and anatomical information has already been obtained. Inputs into the model will include anatomical information, dat a concerning the mechanical properties of wing tissues, and three-dimensional descriptions of the movement patterns of the wing. A detailed computer model will be constructed, and then used to generate information about the forces developed at the wing joints, the stresses in the wing bones and skin, the mechanical power of flight, the ability of the bones to withstand buckling, and the stability and maneuverability of the wing. Sensitivity analyses will be carried out to determine the relative influence of body size, wing shape, flight speed, and biomechanical properties on the model outputs. The results of this study will be able to serve as the foundation for future studies concerning the origin, diversity, and adaptation of flight among bats.

Swartz 9723736 进化新奇的起源和阐述构成了进化研究的最基本领域之一。因此，脊椎动物翅膀的结构、演化以及在飞行中的功能，多年来一直吸引着生物学家和工程师的注意。然而，对机翼结构部件内部产生的力的精确估计，以及对机翼形状和机翼运动模式的机械、空气动力和能量意义的充分理解，却被忽略了。因此，对进化起源和飞行器多样化历史的认识仍然很原始 在这项研究中，我们将模拟一个大蝙蝠的飞行来分析空气动力学，力学和能量学。蝙蝠被选为我们的研究生物体，因为蝙蝠的特点是解剖组织（刚性骨元素相互连接的弹性翼膜），这是相对简单的生物现实的方式建模。PI将使用我们的计算机模拟来询问：1）在飞行过程中，机翼中的联合力和力矩的大小是多少？在机翼内产生的蒙皮和骨骼应力有多大？2)机翼形态学和运动学的小尺度变化如何影响关节力和力矩以及机翼内形成的皮肤和骨骼应力？3)机翼的形态学和运动学的什么特征影响机翼的机动性、结构稳定性和空气动力性能，以及飞行的机械功率？ 这些问题将通过实现一系列相互关联的目标来回答。将根据灰头狐蝠（Pteropus poliocephalus）开发一个飞行蝙蝠的机械和生物现实计算机模型，灰头狐蝠是一种已经获得大量功能和解剖信息的物种。模型的输入将包括解剖信息、关于翅膀组织的机械特性的数据以及翅膀运动模式的三维描述。一个详细的计算机模型将被构建，然后用于生成关于在机翼关节处产生的力、机翼骨骼和蒙皮中的应力、飞行的机械功率、骨骼承受屈曲的能力以及机翼的稳定性和可操纵性的信息。将进行敏感性分析，以确定身体大小，机翼形状，飞行速度和生物力学特性对模型输出的相对影响。本研究的结果将能够作为未来研究蝙蝠之间的起源，多样性和适应飞行的基础。