Earthquake-Resistant Design and Remediation of Lifelines and Deep Foundations Subjected to Lliquefaction

1995年的仙谷-南方大地震夺走了5500多人的生命，造成了超过1000亿美元的损失。天然气、供水和电力公用事业线路破裂。高速公路、铁路和地铁上的桥梁和立交桥坍塌。高层住宅和办公建筑遭到严重破坏。液化的土壤沿海岸、码头、海堤和码头横向沉降和扩散。几公里长的码头和码头墙倾斜并在海岸和人工岛--港岛和罗科岛--下沉。整个神户港几乎被完全摧毁。这场城市灾难是由一场直接发生在人口稠密的城市地区的地震造成的。幸运的是，随着1944年北岭地震将能量从人口稠密的地区释放出来，加利福尼亚州的圣费尔南多山谷避免了类似的破坏。该奖项是一个由美国和日本研究人员组成的团队共同努力的一部分。在美国，该团队包括来自康奈尔大学、伦斯勒理工学院和南加州大学(USC)的教授和学生。几个美国政府和工业组织也同意在拟议的工作中进行合作，包括多学科地震工程研究中心(MCEER)、洛杉矶水电部(LADWP)、太平洋天然气电力公司、美国陆军工程兵部队、美国地质调查局和伍德沃德-克莱德咨询公司。在日本方面，该团队由来自京都大学、东京工业大学、东京大学、早稻田大学和山口大学的教授和学生组成。几个日本政府和工业组织也将参与这项研究工作。拟议的团队研究的主要目标是调查1994年北岭地震和1995年Hyogoken-Nanbu地震中液化引起的变形对地基和生命线系统的影响，并提出工程解决方案，以减轻未来地震中的这些破坏性影响。南加州大学这项研究的具体目标是(1)深入记录美国和日本改良和未改良地基的液化引起变形的选定案例，(2)液化引起的地面变形建模，(3)液化后土壤行为的实验室调查，(4)选定案例和离心机实验的本构模型和有限元分析，以及(5)研究结果的互联网传播。南加州大学的研究侧重于液化引起的地面变形的分析和实验建模；它是合作研究计划的基本和原创组成部分，预计将产生不仅影响研究，而且将影响工程实践的结果。

The 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake claimed more than 5500 lives and caused damage in excess of 100 billion dollars. Gas, water and electric utility lines ruptured. Bridges and over-passes on highways, railroads and subways collapsed. High-rise residential and office structures were severely damaged. Liquefied soils settled and spread laterally along the coast and in docks, piers, sea walls and quays. Kilometers of docks and quay walls tilted and settled both at the coast and in the man-made islands, Port Island and Rokko Island. The entire port of Kobe was almost completely destroyed. This urban disaster resulted from an earthquake striking directly within a densely populated urban area. A similar devastation was fortunately avoided in the San Fernando Valley in California as the 194 Northridge earthquake released its energy away from populated areas. This award is part of a collaborative effort involving a team of US and Japanese researchers. On the US side, the team includes professors and students from Cornell University, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and the University of Southern California (USC). Several US government and industrial organizations have also agreed to cooperate in the proposed work, including, the Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (MCEER), Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP), Pacific Gas & Electric Company, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Geological Survey, and Woodward-Clyde Consultants. On the Japanese side, the team consists of professors and students from Kyoto University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, University of Tokyo, Waseda University, and Yamaguchi University. Several Japanese government and industrial organizations will also contribute to the research effort. The main objective of the proposed team research is to investigate the effects of liquefaction-induced deformation on foundations and lifelines systems in the 1994 Northridge and 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquakes, and to propose engineering solutions that mitigate these devastating effects in future in earthquakes. The findings of the research team will contribute to the implementation of performance-based design in geotechnical and structural engineering in the United States and Japan.The specific objectives of the research at USC are (1) in-depth documentation of selected case histories of liquefaction-induced deformation of improved and non-improved grounds in the US and Japan, (2) modeling of liquefaction-induced ground deformation, (3) laboratory investigation of post-liquefied soil behavior, (4) constitutive modeling and finite element analysis of selected case histories and centrifuge experiments, and (5) Internet dissemination of research results. The USC research is focused on the analytical and experimental modeling of liquefaction-induced ground deformation; it is an essential and original component of the collaborative research program, and is expected to yield results that will impact not only research but also engineering practice.