Female Work, Public Policy, and Fertility in Developed Nations

SES-9910662Fred C. PampelThis research examined the macro-level relationship between female labor force participation rates and fertility rates across the temporal and national context，different in the public policies aimed to assume conflict between work and family.将检验的假设包括：随着对妇女在家庭以外的作用的体制支持的增加，妇女参与对生育率的负面影响下降，甚至可能逆转;（2）具有对妇女友好的公共政策的国家将表现出较弱的关系，随着时间的推移，方向的逆转比没有这种政策的国家更快、更强烈，3）女性工资相对收入的影响，以及后物质主义者对女性工作和生育率之间关系的价值观，也会因时间和国家而异。我们将分析1949-1996年21个高收入国家的生育率、女性劳动力参与率和各种控制变量的数据。 这些数据将用按年龄、婚姻状况和家中是否有子女衡量妇女就业情况的可比微观调查数据补充标准来源公布的数字。 这些分析将利用统计技术处理汇总的横截面数据和时间序列数据以及以生育率为因变量的多层次数据，审查女性工作的曲线效应以及女性工作与有利于妇女的政策之间的相互作用（不控制和控制其他决定因素，如女性工资、相对收入和价值变化）。 研究结果将评估对女性工作和生育关系的背景影响的主张，以及在第二次人口转型后期阶段生育模式和决定因素的差异，就实际影响而言，该项目对支持职业妇女的国家政策的描述和比较涉及对兼顾工作和家庭的困难的政治关切，这些困难对儿童和母亲的生活造成的负面影响，以及低于更替水平的生育率可能带来的问题。 研究其他国家的不同政策和工作与生育率之间的关系可以解决这些问题，并有助于美国的政策辩论。

SES-9910662Fred C. PampelThis research examines the macro-level relationship between female labor force participation rates and fertility rates across temporal and national contexts that differ in the public policies aimed at easing the conflict between work and family. Hypotheses that will be tested include (s) as the institutional supports for women's roles outside the family rise over time, the negative influence of female participation on rates on fertility declines and perhaps even reverses; (2) nations with women-friendly public policies will exhibit a weaker relationship and experience the over time reversal in direction more quickly and strongly than nations without such policies, and 3) the consequences of female wages relative income, and post-materialists values for the relationship between female work and fertility will likewise vary across time and nations.Data on fertility, female labor force participation, and a variety of control variables will be analyzed from 21 high-income nations from 1949-1996. These data will supplement the figures published in standard sources with data from comparable micro-level surveys that measure employment of women by age, marital status, and the presence of children at home. Using statistical techniques for pooled cross-sectional and time-serial data and for multi-level data that take fertility rates as the dependent variables, the analyses will examine the curvilinear effects of female work and the interaction of female work and women-friendly policies (without and with controls for other determinants such as female wages, relative income, and value change). The results will evaluate claims for the contextual influences on the female work and fertility relationship, and the divergence in fertility patterns and determinants during the later stages of the second demographic transitions.In terms of practical implications, the project's description and comparison of national policies for support of working women relates to political concerns over the difficulties of combining work and family, the negative consequences of these difficulties for the lives of children and mothers, and the potential problems brought on by below-replacement fertility. The study of other nations with different policies and relationships between work and fertility can address these concerns, and contribute to policy debates in the United States.