The Kalahari Basin area: a 'Sprachbund' on the verge of extinction - "Inheritance and contact in a language complex: the case of Taa varieties (Tuu family)"

卡拉哈里盆地地区：濒临灭绝的“语言联盟”——“语言复合体中的继承与接触：以塔阿语变体（Tuu 族）为例”

• 批准号: 135192123
• 负责人: Professor Dr. Tom Güldemann
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Institut für Linguistik (aufgelöst)
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2008-12-31 至 2013-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/135192123?language=en
• 关键词: Kalahari; Basin; area; Sprachbund; verge

The only surviving member of the Tuu family (formerly Southern Khoisan ) with a substantial number of speakers is the Taa language complex. It is a large cluster of dialects spoken by small bands of former hunter-gatherers (commonly referred to as San ) and stretching geographically from eastcentral Namibia from the Nossob River over the former Aminuis reserve into the Ghanzi and Kgalagadi Districts of Botswana up to a line Okwa-Tsetseng-Dutlwe-Werda. Mutual intelligibility usually exists between neighboring varieties, but differences between geographically remote dialects can amount to a linguistic distance found between languages. According to the presently available data the Taa complex seems to fall into two major units, namely West !Xoon (spoken exclusively in Namibia) vs. the rest comprising all other varieties, from ’N|ohan (spoken on both sides of the Namibia-Botswana border) to East !Xoon (the easternmost Taa dialect in Botswana). Today West !Xoon and ’N|ohan are no longer separated geographically and socially because both speech communities have been pushed constantly towards the Botswana border and now intermingle there.

Tuu家族（前南科伊桑人）中唯一幸存的成员是Taa语言复合体。它是一个由前狩猎采集者（通常称为San）的小团体使用的方言的大集群，地理上从纳米比亚中东部从Nossob河延伸到前Aminuis保护区，进入博茨瓦纳的Ghanzi和Kgalagadi地区，直到Okwa-Tsetseng-Dutlwe-Werda线。相互理解通常存在于相邻的变体之间，但是地理上遥远的方言之间的差异可以等同于语言之间的语言距离。根据目前可用的数据，Taa综合体似乎分为两个主要单位，即西！Xoon（仅在纳米比亚使用）与其他包括所有其他品种，从'N| ohan（纳米比亚-博茨瓦纳边境两边的人都说）向东！Xoon（博茨瓦纳最东端的Taa方言）。今天西！Xoon和'N|由于两个语言社区不断被推向博茨瓦纳边境，现在在那里混合，因此，ohan在地理和社会上不再分开。