The Origin of New Genes

要问的问题集中在创造初始基因结构和控制随后进化的分子进化机制上。 本研究的主要目的是：（1）通过对新基因的结构和侧翼序列的分析，了解jgw（jinwei）-ynd（yande）基因系统中新基因的分子进化关系; teisseiri，D，yakuba和D melanogaster，使用各种分子分析方法（2）确定两个mosiac基因，ynd和ymp（3）通过对JGW，YND，和YMP（4）为了寻找新进化的功能与先前分子群体遗传学分析所揭示的JGW的快速序列进化之间的对应关系，将研究JGW蛋白在三个阶段的生化功能：最初产生的祖先JGW，物种形成前进化的祖先JGW，以及现代JGW基因。 这两个祖先jgw序列是通过进化分析推断的，它们将通过定点突变产生。 这项研究的长期目标是阐明具有新功能的新基因是如何起源的，这是基因进化的一个根本性重要问题。 详细研究基因的起源需要发现年轻基因，因为旧基因的早期进化往往被后来的进化过程所掩盖。 最近发现的果蝇精卫-yande基因系统包含几个基因，只有250万至3000万年前的精卫（jgw）起源于Adh的逆转录序列，补充了几个额外的外显子，而yande（ynd）通过外显子重组与黄色皇帝（ymp）进化而来。 因此，这些年轻的基因，以及最近在基因结构和拷贝数方面进化的基因系统中的其他相关基因，为研究新基因起源的早期过程提供了极好的机会。

The questions to be asked center on the molecular evolutionary mechanisms that create initial gene structures and control subsequent evolution. The objectives of this research are: (1) to understand molecular evolutionary relationships among the new genes in the jgw (jinwei)-ynd(yande) gene system by characterizing their gene structures and flanking sequences in D. teisseiri, D, yakuba, and D melanogaster, using various methods of molecular analysis (2) to determine when the two mosiac genes, ynd and ymp(yellow- emperor) originated,by determining their phylogenetic distribution using molecular phylogenetic techniques (3) to determine the roles of various evolutionary forces governing the early stages of new genes, by analyzing molecular evolution and population genetics of jgw, ynd, and ymp (4) in order to look for the correspondence between the newly evolved function and the fast sequence evolution of jgw as revealed by previous analysis of molecular population genetics, the biochemical functions of the jgw proteins at three stages: the ancestral jgw when first created, the evolved ancestral jgw before speciation, and the modern jgw genes will be investigated. The two ancestral jgw sequences are inferred by evolutionary analysis and they will be made by site-direced mutagenesis. The long-term goal of this research is to elucidate how new genes with novel functions originate, a fundamentally important problem of gene evolution. Studying the origin of a gene in detail requires the discovery of a young gene, since the early evolution of old genes has often been obscured by later evolutionary processes. The recently identified jingwei-yande gene system in Drosophila contains several genes only 2.5 to 30 million years old jingwei (jgw) originated as an Adh retrosequence that recruited several additional exons, while yande (ynd) evolved through exon recombination with yellow-emperor (ymp). Therefore, these young genes, with other related genes in the gene system that evolved recently in gene structure and copy number, provide an excellent opportunity to examine early processes in the origin of new genes.