Software Watermarking, Obfuscation, and Tamper-Proofing for Software Protection

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Christian CollbergThis research investigates four techniques for the intellectual property protection of software:watermarking, fingerprinting, obfuscation, and tamper-proofing.Watermarking and fingerprinting defend against software piracy by embedding a copyright notice or identification number into a program. This asserts ownership and allows tracking of copyright violators. Effective watermarks are unobtrusive, have high data-rates, and are resilient to de-watermarking attacks.Obfuscation defends against maliciousreverse engineering by transforming a program into an equivalent one that is harder to analyze. Effective obfuscating transformations aresemantics-preserving, have low computationaloverhead, and are based on intractable problemsthat prevent them from being undone.Tamper-proofing causes a program to malfunction when it detects that it has been modified. Tamper-proofing codecan be added to an application to protect a watermarkfrom being removed, to prevent a virus from being added, or to ensure that the security-sensitive code of ane-commerce application has not been altered.The goal of this research is to implement many of the currently known algorithms for software protection and to construct benchmarks against which these techniques can be evaluated. An additionalobjective is to build theoretical models that help to gaina deeper understanding of the limits of intellectual property protection of software.