Fresh Water and Maritime Issues in World Politics

世界政治中的淡水和海洋问题

• 批准号: 0079421
• 负责人: Paul Hensel
• 金额: $ 8.68万
• 依托单位: Florida State University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2001
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2001-01-01 至 2001-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0079421&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Fresh; Water; Maritime; Issues; World

This project is intended to improve our understanding of how nation-states manage their contentious issues, focusing on disagreements between nation-states over shared freshwater supplies and over maritime zones, to supplement recent research on territorial claims. A general issue-based approach to world politics has developed slowly since the mid-1970s. This approach depicts world politics as the quest for issue satisfaction by actors that use numerous potential means (including the unilateral initiation of militarized conflict, bilateral negotiations, and multilateral attempts involving binding or non-binding, third-party assistance). Empirically testable hypotheses are developed from this issue-based approach to account for the occurrence and success of attempts to manage or settle issues. Emphasis is placed on the salience of the issues, past attempts to manage the same issues, the regional and global institutional context, and characteristics of the adversaries. Past research on contentious issues has been impeded by a lack of systematic data for empirical testing of propositions about the nature and management of contentious issues. Recent data collection by the Issue Correlates of WAR (ICOW) project overcomes these problems by collecting data on the extent, salience, and management of territorial issues, and, thus, offers substantial support for the hypotheses of the issues' approach. The primary objective of this proposed research is to study freshwater and maritime issues in the same manner as this recent research on territorial issues. Data are collected on all freshwater and maritime issues in the twentieth century, including the extent of the issues (the number of issues worldwide and the specific actors involved for each one), their salience (characteristics of each issue that make it more or less valuable to the involved states), and attempts to manage these issues unilaterally, bilaterally, or multilaterally. This collection allows the hypotheses from the general issues' approach to be tested using these two additional issue types as a supplement to our current knowledge of territorial issues, and -- in combination with the existing data on territorial issues -- for the first time, allows comparative study of the management of different issue types. The results of the proposed analyses have important implications for both theory and policy, ranging from improved academic understanding of processes of foreign policy making, negotiations, international law, and interstate conflict to the possibility of assisting governments in the identification of peaceful solutions to their problems. This is especially important because the issues covered by this proposal, the management of often-scarce freshwater resources and of potentially oil- or fish-abundant maritime zones, are argued to be among the leading sources of conflict into the next century. The collection of freshwater and maritime issue data also helps to advance an issues' approach to world politics. This advance has been slowed considerably by the dearth of systematic data on issues; the few systematic data collections that exist focus primarily on the single issue of territory. Finally, the data sets collected under this proposal will be released publicly for use by other scholars in the field. Although the creation of a new data resource is a secondary objective behind the improved testing of propositions on issues and world politics, this is an important benefit that helps the field of Political Science long after our original analyses with this newly collected data are completed.

该项目旨在提高我们对民族国家如何管理有争议问题的理解，重点关注民族国家之间在共享淡水供应和海洋区域方面的分歧，以补充最近对领土主张的研究。 自1970年代中期以来，对世界政治的一种基于问题的一般性做法发展缓慢。 这种方法将世界政治描述为行为者使用多种潜在手段（包括单方面发起军事化冲突、双边谈判以及涉及有约束力或无约束力的第三方援助的多边尝试）寻求问题满意度。 从这种以问题为基础的方法中发展出经验上可检验的假设，以解释管理或解决问题的尝试的发生和成功。 重点放在突出的问题，过去试图管理相同的问题，区域和全球体制背景，以及对手的特点。过去对有争议问题的研究一直受到缺乏系统数据的实证检验命题的性质和管理有争议的问题。 最近的数据收集的问题相关的战争（ICOW）项目克服了这些问题，收集数据的程度，突出性和管理的领土问题，因此，提供了大量的支持问题的方法的假设。 这项拟议研究的主要目标是以与最近关于领土问题的研究相同的方式研究淡水和海洋问题。 收集20世纪所有淡水和海洋问题的数据，包括问题的范围（世界范围内问题的数量和每个问题所涉及的具体行为者），其突出性（每个问题的特征，使其对所涉国家或多或少有价值），以及单方面，双边或多边管理这些问题的尝试。 通过收集这些数据，可以利用这两种新的问题类型来检验一般问题方法的假设，作为我们对领土问题现有知识的补充，并首次结合关于领土问题的现有数据，对不同问题类型的管理进行比较研究。所提出的分析结果对理论和政策都有重要的影响，从提高学术界对外交政策制定、谈判、国际法和国家间冲突过程的理解，到帮助各国政府确定和平解决问题的可能性。 这一点特别重要，因为这项建议所涉及的问题，即管理往往稀少的淡水资源和可能盛产石油或鱼类的海区，被认为是下一个世纪冲突的主要根源。 收集淡水和海洋问题数据也有助于推动对世界政治采取问题处理办法。 由于缺乏有关问题的系统数据，这一进展速度大大减缓;现有的为数不多的系统数据收集主要集中在领土这一单一问题上。 最后，根据这一建议收集的数据集将公开发布，供该领域的其他学者使用。 虽然创建一个新的数据资源是一个次要目标背后的问题和世界政治命题的改进测试，这是一个重要的好处，有助于政治学领域很长一段时间后，我们的原始分析与这些新收集的数据完成。