US-Tanzania Dissertation Enhancement: An Examination of the Role of Tourism in Pastoral People's Livelihoods

这篇论文增强补助金支持美国研究生劳拉·德卢卡女士，她在特伦斯·麦凯布教授的指导下，在科罗拉多博尔德大学人类学系工作，在坦桑尼亚北部的马赛族中进行一项关于生计多样化的比较研究，特别是旅游工作的作用。过去，饲养牲畜是生活在撒哈拉以南非洲干旱土地上的牧民的主要生存战略。但在过去的几十年里，大片牧场变成了耕地，许多非洲国家现在面临着经常相互竞争的愿望，既要保护他们的野生动物，又要为他们的人民提供可持续的生计。坦桑尼亚已经将大约四分之一的土地置于受保护的野生动物保护区，旅游业现在正在被推广，作为其土著人民可以从这些保护计划中获得经济利益的一种方式。虽然社区保育人士可能会争辩说，旅游业可以为当地社区提供经济利益，并且可能比其他生计更符合野生动物保护的要求，但牧民可能会认为旅游业对他们的文化、环境和当地的牧区经济构成了威胁。德卢卡女士假设，牧民：1)只有当他们的其他生计选择受到影响时，才会从事旅游业；2)只有在他们允许维持牧民生产资料的情况下，他们才会认为他们的生计，包括旅游业是可持续的。德卢卡将运用政治生态学的方法，进行一项民族志研究，以调查当地的生计选择如何与更大的地缘政治和经济领域交织在一起。这项研究还将考虑性别、社会地位、教育和遗产等变量。德卢卡女士将在坦桑尼亚国家档案馆开展有关旅游业和可持续发展政策和项目的档案工作。民族志信息将通过调查(如免费列出)、参与者观察、访谈和焦点小组来收集。达累斯萨拉姆大学资源评估研究所的索索维尔博士将就该项目向德卢卡女士提供指导。这些结果预计将增加目前关于可持续生计的知识，特别是在非洲，并将对人类学家、资源管理者和政策制定者有价值。预计它还将通过确定全球政策和当地生计选择之间的联系来推进人类学理论。该项目还将支持一名优秀研究生在职业生涯早期的一次国际研究经历。该项目还包括一名坦桑尼亚研究生，他将担任研究助理。

0097074McCabe & DeLucaThis dissertation enhancement grant supports a US graduate student, Ms. Laura DeLuca, working under the guidance of Professor Terrence McCabe, in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Colorado Boulder, to conduct a comparative research study on livelihood diversification, especially the role of tourism work, among Maasai groups of northern Tanzania. In the past, raising livestock was the primary subsistence strategy of pastoralists living in the arid lands of Subsaharan Africa. But the past few decades have seen large tracts of rangeland transformed into cultivated land, and many African countries are now faced with the often competing desires to protect their wildlife while also affording their populations a sustainable livelihood. Tanzania has placed approximately one-fourth of its land in protected wildlife conservation areas, and tourism is now being promoted as a way that its indigenous peoples can economically benefit from these conservation programs. While community conservationists may argue that tourism can provide economic benefits for the local community and may be more compatible with wildlife conservation than other livelihoods, pastoralists may perceive tourism as a threat to their culture, environment, and local pastoral economy. Ms. DeLuca hypothesizes that pastoralists: 1) engage in tourism only when their other livelihood options have been compromised; and 2) will only view their livelihoods, including tourism, as sustainable if they allow for maintenance of a pastoral means of production. Using a political ecology approach, Ms. DeLuca will conduct an ethnographic study to investigate how local livelihood choices intersect with larger geopolitical and economic spheres. The study will also consider such variables as gender, social status, education, and heritage. Ms. DeLuca will conduct archival work on tourism and sustainable development policies and programs at the Tanzanian National Archives. Ethnographic information will be collected through surveys (such as free listing), participant observations, interviews, and focus groups. Dr. Sosovele, with the Institute of Resource Assessment at the University of Dar es Salaam, will provide guidance on this project to Ms. DeLuca. The results are expected to increase current knowledge about sustainable livelihoods, especially in Africa, and will be of value to anthropologists, resource managers, and policy makers. It is also expected to advance anthropological theory by identifying the connections between global policies and local livelihood options. This project will also support an international research experience very early in the career of an outstanding graduate student. The project also includes a Tanzanian graduate student who will serve as a research assistant.