Doctoral Dissertation Research: Spatial and Institutional Approaches to Governing U.S. International Trade: A Case Study of Section 301

第301条最初是作为1974年美国贸易法的一部分提出的(并经1988年综合贸易和竞争力法案和1994年乌拉圭回合协议法修订)，它为利害关系方提供了向美国贸易代表办公室提交请愿书，指控其他国家不公平贸易行为的机会。这一博士论文研究项目将构成对自立法以来301条款案件处理情况的描述性、解释性和制度性分析，它将评估行业和政府对301条款有效性的看法，不仅从个别案件的结果来看，而且从其对全球贸易的更大影响方面来看。通过不仅审查301条款案例中反映的贸易政策的地理影响，该项目还将探索贸易政策制定、颁布和实施的地理背景。这项研究将由两部分组成。对1975年至2001年第301条案例的描述性和解释性分析将为分析第301条案例的模式提供基础，包括其随时间的演变、目标国家和地区、所引用的“不公平”做法的类型、所涉及的经济部门、申诉人的类型和案件结果。这些描述性分析将通过卡方分析和改进解释性多项Logit模型来加强，旨在查明影响301条款案件成败的因素。该项目的第二部分将包括与美国贸易代表办公室的主要告密者以及活跃在301条款案件中的三个行业协会进行访谈。重点将放在确定导致决定提交第301条请愿书和报告的过程、协会和美国贸易代表对该政策的看法、美国贸易代表对起诉案件的选择以及协会与美国贸易代表之间的互动。档案研究将补充对协会和美国贸易代表办公室工作人员和官员的半结构化访谈。该项目将对301条款案件的地理、时间和部门特征以及这些特征和其他特征之间的动态进行第一次广泛的审查。该项目应对第301条案件的结果以及解释第301条案件成功的具体案件和结构性因素进行最全面和最新的分析。这类分析应该有助于加深对301条款等贸易政策对贸易规模和方向影响的理解，然后我们需要知道这些影响是在什么条件下表现出来的。该项目应该有助于澄清像301条款这样的政策在更大的贸易地理中扮演什么角色，特别是这些政策如何定义什么是“不公平”的做法。更广泛地说，该项目将有助于更广泛的经济地理理解，了解机构、政策和贸易相互作用的方式。作为博士论文研究改进奖，该奖项还将提供支持，使有前途的学生建立一个强大的独立研究生涯。

First introduced as part of the U.S. Trade Act of 1974 (and amended by the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 and in the Uruguay Round Agreements Acts of 1994, Section 301 provides the opportunity for interested parties to charge other nations with unfair trading practices by filing a petition with the U.S. Trade Representative's office. This doctoral dissertation research project will constitute a descriptive, explanatory, and institutional analyses ofthe disposition of Section 301 cases since the legislation's inception, and it will evaluate both industry and government views of the effectiveness of Section 301, not only in terms of the outcomes of individual cases, but also in terms of its larger impact on global trade. By examining not only the geographic implications of trade policies as reflected in Section 301 cases, this project also will explore the geographic context within which trade policy is developed, enacted, and operationalized. The research will consist of two components. Descriptive and explanatory analyses of Section 301 cases from 1975 to 2001 will provide the basis for analysis of the patterns of Section 301 cases in terms of their evolution over time, the countries and regions targeted, the types of "unfair" practices cited, the economic sectors involved, the types of complainant, and case outcomes. These descriptive analyses will be augmented by chi-square analyses and refinement of a explanatory multinomial logit model aimed at identifying the factors that have influenced the success or failure of Section 301 cases. The second part of the project will consist of interviews with key informants in the USTR's office and with three trade associations that have been active in Section 301 cases. Emphasis will be placed on identification of the processes that led to decisions to file Section 301 petitions and reports, the associations' and the USTR's views of the policy, the USTR's selection of cases for prosecution, and the interactions between the associations and the USTR. Archival research will complement the semi-structured interviews with staff and officers of the associations and the USTR's office.This project will produce the first extensive examination of the geographic, temporal, and sectoral characteristics of Section 301 cases as well as the dynamics between those and other characteristics. The project should result in the most comprehensive and current analyses of the outcomes of Section 301 cases as well as the case-specific and structural factors that explain Section 301 case success. These kinds of analyses should enhance understandings of the ways that trade policies like Section 301 affect on the magnitude and direction of trade, then we need to know under what conditions those effects are manifested. The project should help clarify what role policies like Section 301 play in the larger geography of trade, especially the ways that these policies define what constitutes "unfair" practices. More generally, the project will contribute toward broader economic geographic understandings of the ways that institutions, policies, and trade interact with each other. As a Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement award, this award also will provide support to enable a promising student to establish a strong independent research career.