Productivity, Location and Growth in the Service and Manufacturing Sectors

服务业和制造业的生产力、位置和增长

• 批准号: 0111803
• 负责人: J. Vernon Henderson
• 金额: $ 30.39万
• 依托单位: National Bureau of Economic Research Inc
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2001
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2001-07-01 至 2005-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0111803&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Productivity; Location; Growth; Service; Manufacturing

Business service and headquarters activities locate disproportionately in the largest metro areas, while manufacturing is found disproportionately in smaller towns and cities. The question is why; and, hence, what is the role of large metro areas versus small and medium size cities in the USA. To start to understand the forces at work, this project examines local growth patterns, productivity, and out-sourcing decisions in the service and headquarter sectors. For the case of headquarters, by locating in the largest metro areas, headquarters separate themselves from their production facilities, creating significant internal company face-to-face communication costs. To what extent do they choose to be in these metro areas to take advantage of the diversity of local intermediate service inputs such as advertising, legal, and financial services found there, as opposed to gather information about innovations, export markets, financing, and the like through local information spillovers from, say, other headquarters? Similarly, why are business services located in the largest and most expensive metro areas? To what extent is it local scale economies within the service sector, versus upstream and downstream linkages within the service sector, versus linkages to sectors using services (e.g., headquarters) where those sectors may experience high own sector scale economies? The first two sections of the project examine these issues through a detailed analysis of city growth of headquarters and service industries, out-sourcing decisions, and productivity of headquarters and service sector firms. One issue is that for headquarters, there is no direct output measure, so productivity benefits must be measured through their effects on wages and rents. Another issue concerns the role of firm structure and the relationship between operating units and their headquarters in determining out-sourcing decisions. The last section of the project looks at the determinants of industry mobility across cities and compares mobility for service versus manufacturing sector industries, an issue for cities in planning and competing for industries. Manufacturing industries are highly mobile across cities, so that over the course of a couple of decades a smaller city may switch from being a textile manufacturer to specializing in electronics. Are service sector industries so footloose?

商业服务和总部活动不成比例地分布在最大的大都市区，而制造业则不成比例地分布在较小的城镇。问题是为什么；因此，在美国，大都会地区与中小城市相比扮演着什么角色。为了开始了解起作用的力量，这个项目考察了当地的增长模式、生产率以及服务和总部部门的外包决策。对于总部来说，由于位于最大的大都市区，总部与其生产设施分开，从而产生了大量的公司内部面对面沟通成本。他们在多大程度上选择在这些大都市地区利用当地中间服务投入的多样性，如广告、法律和金融服务，而不是通过当地信息溢出从其他总部收集有关创新、出口市场、融资等方面的信息？同样，为什么商业服务位于最大和最昂贵的大都市区？与服务部门的上下游联系相比，与使用服务的部门(例如总部)的联系相比，服务部门内部的局部规模经济在多大程度上可能会经历高的部门规模经济？该项目的前两部分通过详细分析城市总部和服务行业的增长、外包决策以及总部和服务部门公司的生产率来研究这些问题。一个问题是，对于总部来说，没有直接的产出衡量标准，因此生产率效益必须通过它们对工资和租金的影响来衡量。另一个问题涉及公司结构的作用以及业务单位与其总部在决定外包决策方面的关系。该项目的最后一部分着眼于城市间行业流动性的决定因素，并比较了服务业和制造业的流动性，这是城市在规划和竞争行业时面临的一个问题。制造业在城市之间的流动性很高，因此在几十年的时间里，一个较小的城市可能会从纺织制造商转变为专门从事电子产品的企业。服务业真的这么自由自在吗？