The Floral Genome Project

花卉结构的变化具有重大的进化和经济意义，影响着各种植物过程，如授粉和基因流动，以及果实生产和种子传播。然而，尽管花在植物繁殖和农业中起着核心作用，关于花的起源和多样性的问题仍然是植物生物学中的基本问题。植物发育遗传学和基因组学的最新研究已经在拟南芥和其他模式生物中发现了数十个在花发育中特定作用的基因。尽管如此，许多(如果不是大多数)具有关键作用的基因仍然没有被发现，主要是因为功能冗余。由于大多数经济上重要的物种与模式植物物种没有密切的联系，因此需要新的方法来建立在现有基因组计划的基础上，并将知识转移到非模式生物。花卉基因组计划将调查花卉遗传结构的起源、保护和多样性，并为植物进化功能基因组学开发概念和实际工具。根据最近的系统发育研究，选择了一组植物样本，包括花朵多样性最多的基本被子植物类群，以及出现许多作物物种的关键eudicot谱系。花卉基因组计划将生成大型EST数据集，捕获每个物种在花发育早期表达的数千个基因序列。将使用新的抽样方法来提高获得稀有转录本和从每个物种获得可比较的基因组的机会。每个物种多达300个独特基因的完成测序将使人们能够研究花中表达的关键基因和基因家族的进化，并测试关于花起源的领先假说。花基因组计划将结合微阵列分析和高通量原位杂交的新方法，检查在每个物种中检测到的独特基因的基因表达的位置和时间。将评估每个物种中数百个基因的表达模式，并在发育中的花的3D虚拟重建中进行总结。该项目将为不同被子植物的大量基因的表达模式生成第一个比较数据集。这些实验将产生一个庞大的基因序列及其在不同物种中表达的数据集，并将需要新的信息学工具来比较分析基因历史、基因功能和分子进化。信息学工作将包括为改进的基因家族系统发育分析生成软件，以及一条自动化数据管道，使研究人员能够以探索的方式有效地从痕迹移动到树。将建立一个系统发生数据库，与用于灵活查询的基于网络的工具相结合，作为公共资源，在系统发生框架内将表达的基因研究的序列信息联系起来。该数据库将提供到拟南芥、水稻和玉米的基因组和功能信息的注释链接，以及到番茄、玉米和许多其他重要作物物种的表达基因研究的注释链接。花卉基因组计划将为产生关于植物共同基因功能和不同物种之间潜在变异来源的假说提供关键资源。

Variations in floral architecture are of major evolutionary and economic importance, impacting various plant processes such as pollination and gene flow, as well as fruit production and seed dispersal. However, despite the central role of flowers in plant reproduction and agriculture, questions about the origin and diversification of the flower remain fundamental problems in plant biology. Recent studies in plant developmental genetics and genomics have identified dozens of genes with specific roles in flower development in Arabidopsis and other model organisms. Still, many (if not most) genes with critical roles remain undiscovered, largely because of functional redundancy. Because most economically important species are not closely related to model plant species, novel approaches are needed to build upon existing genome projects and transfer knowledge to nonmodel organisms. THE FLORAL GENOME PROJECT will investigate the origin, conservation, and diversification of the genetic architecture of the flower, and develop conceptual and real tools for evolutionary functional genomics in plants. A set of plant 'exemplars' was selected, based on recent phylogenetic studies, to include the basal angiosperm groups where most flower diversity is found, plus key eudicot lineages where many crop species occur. THE FLORAL GENOME PROJECT will generate large EST datasets , capturing thousands of sequences of genes expressed during early flower development in each species. New sampling approaches will be used to improve the chance of obtaining rare transcripts and of obtaining comparable gene sets from each species. Finished sequencing for up to 300 unique genes per species will allow study of the evolution of key genes and gene families expressed in flowers, and test leading hypotheses about the origin of the flower THE FLORAL GENOME PROJECT will examine the site and timing of gene expression for the unique genes detected in each species using a combination of microarray analysis and new methods of high throughput in situ hybridization. Expression patterns will be evaluated for hundreds of genes in each species, and summarized in 3-D virtual reconstructions of developing flowers. This project would generate the first comparative data set of expression patterns for a large number of genes across diverse angiosperms. These experiments will generate an enormous dataset of gene sequences and their expression in different species, and will require new informatic tools for the comparative analysis of gene history, gene function, and molecular evolution. Informatics efforts will include the generation of software for improved phylogenetic analysis of gene families and an automated data pipeline to enable researchers to move efficiently from traces to trees in an exploratory fashion. A phylogenetic database, integrated with web-based tools for flexible inquiry, will be created as a public resource to relate sequence information from expressed gene studies in a phylogenetic framework. This database will provide annotated links to genomic and functional information in Arabidopsis, rice, and maize, and to expressed gene studies in tomato, maize, and many other important crop species. THE FLORAL GENOME PROJECT will provide a key resource for generating hypotheses about common gene functions in plants and the potential sources of variation among diverse species.