Regulating informality - the influence of planning standards on long term suitability of urban settlements - the cases of Dar es Salaam/Tanzania and Durban/South Africa

在撒哈拉以南非洲，城市化正以人类历史上前所未有的速度发展。在大多数国家，国家没有能力适用一个反应迅速的法律的框架，也没有能力调动足够的资源来指导这种快速的城市化。一些障碍是过时的法律的框架和从殖民地政府继承的不适当的规划概念。它们往往与后殖民政策相抵触，不适合应对城市的快速增长。相对于城市的快速增长，公共部门长期表现不佳，造成在提供正式建筑用地和基本服务方面的大量积压，并导致非正规住区不断增加。不加控制的非正规城市化的结果是住区和城市结构功能失调。然而，规划当局指定具体的土地用途、地块大小的范围以及为社会和技术基础设施等公共用途保留空间，是组织和谐城市发展以造福所有人的重要任务。目前，坦桑尼亚和南非正在讨论适合可持续城市发展的规划规范和标准。在重新启动和执行城市规划条例及其程序时，必须适当考虑到社会和经济上的适当要求，包括家庭生计战略以及在土地使用和提供基础设施方面满足公共利益的必要性。研究的第二阶段将侧重于城市土地利用规划和计划实施的现行做法，包括与快速城市化的贫穷经济体的地方决策过程相关的挑战和潜力，以坦桑尼亚为典型案例，以南非为比较案例。它将设法探讨补贴原则在城市土地开发和定居者生计活动中的机会和局限性。

In Sub-Saharan Africa urbanisation is progressing at a rate unprecedented in human history. In most countries, the state is not in a position to apply a responsive legal framework and to mobilise adequate resources to guide this rapid urbanisation. Some of the obstacles are the outdated legal framework and the inappropriate planning concepts inherited from colonial governments. They often contradict post colonial policies and are unsuitable to respond to rapid urban growth. The chronic underperformance of the public sector vis-à-vis rapid urban growth causes a large cumulative backlog in the provision of formal building land and basic services and leads to growing informal settlements. The outcomes of uncontrolled informal urbanisation are dysfunctional settlements and urban structures. The designation of specific land uses by planning authorities, the range of plot sizes and the reservation of space for public uses such as social and technical infrastructure, however, are important tasks to organise a harmonious urban development for the benefit of all. Currently, in Tanzania as well as in South Africa there is a discourse on planning norms and standards appropriate for sustainable urban development. Socially and economically adequate requirements including the livelihood strategies of households and the need to satisfy public interests with regard to land use and provision of infrastructure facilities have to be appropriately taken into consideration to relaunch and implement urban planning regulations and their procedures. The second phase of the research will focus on the current practice of urban land use planning and implementation of plans including the challenges associated with and the potentials embedded in local decision making processes in rapidly urbanising poor economies using Tanzania as a paradigmatic case and South Africa as the comparison case. It will seek to explore opportunities and limits of the principle of subsidarity in the urban land development and livelihood activities of the settlers.