Regulating informality - the influence of planning standards on long term suitability of urban settlements - the cases of Dar es Salaam/Tanzania and Durban/South Africa

在撒哈拉以南的非洲，城市化正在以人类历史上前所未有的速度发展。在大多数国家，政府无法应用相应的法律框架，也无法调动足够的资源来引导这种快速城市化。一些障碍是过时的法律框架和从殖民政府继承的不适当的规划概念。它们往往与后殖民政策相抵触，不适合应对城市的快速增长。公共部门在-à-vis城市快速增长方面长期表现不佳，导致在提供正式建筑用地和基本服务方面累积大量积压，并导致非正式住区不断增加。不受控制的非正式城市化的结果是住区和城市结构功能失调。然而，规划当局指定特定的土地用途、地块大小的范围以及为社会和技术基础设施等公共用途预留空间，是组织一个和谐的城市发展以造福所有人的重要任务。目前，坦桑尼亚和南非都在讨论适合可持续城市发展的规划规范和标准。在重新启动和执行城市规划条例及其程序时，必须适当考虑到社会和经济方面的充分要求，包括家庭的生计战略以及在土地使用和提供基础设施方面满足公众利益的需要。研究的第二阶段将侧重于城市土地利用规划和计划实施的当前实践，包括在快速城市化的贫穷经济体中与当地决策过程相关的挑战和潜力，以坦桑尼亚为范例，以南非为比较案例。它将设法探讨补贴原则在城市土地开发和移民生计活动中的机会和限制。

In Sub-Saharan Africa urbanisation is progressing at a rate unprecedented in human history. In most countries, the state is not in a position to apply a responsive legal framework and to mobilise adequate resources to guide this rapid urbanisation. Some of the obstacles are the outdated legal framework and the inappropriate planning concepts inherited from colonial governments. They often contradict post colonial policies and are unsuitable to respond to rapid urban growth. The chronic underperformance of the public sector vis-à-vis rapid urban growth causes a large cumulative backlog in the provision of formal building land and basic services and leads to growing informal settlements. The outcomes of uncontrolled informal urbanisation are dysfunctional settlements and urban structures. The designation of specific land uses by planning authorities, the range of plot sizes and the reservation of space for public uses such as social and technical infrastructure, however, are important tasks to organise a harmonious urban development for the benefit of all. Currently, in Tanzania as well as in South Africa there is a discourse on planning norms and standards appropriate for sustainable urban development. Socially and economically adequate requirements including the livelihood strategies of households and the need to satisfy public interests with regard to land use and provision of infrastructure facilities have to be appropriately taken into consideration to relaunch and implement urban planning regulations and their procedures. The second phase of the research will focus on the current practice of urban land use planning and implementation of plans including the challenges associated with and the potentials embedded in local decision making processes in rapidly urbanising poor economies using Tanzania as a paradigmatic case and South Africa as the comparison case. It will seek to explore opportunities and limits of the principle of subsidarity in the urban land development and livelihood activities of the settlers.