Emerging Party Systems in Post-Soviet Societies: How Developed Are They?

后苏联社会的新兴政党制度：它们的发展程度如何？

• 批准号: 0211345
• 负责人: Arthur Miller
• 金额: $ 5.92万
• 依托单位: University of Iowa
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2002
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2002-06-15 至 2005-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0211345&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Emerging; Party; Systems; Post; Soviet

Recent political science literature reflects a growing controversy regarding the formation of political parties and party systems in post-Soviet societies. The eventual outcome of the controversy holds implications for a basic understanding of how party systems form and the role parties play in developing democracies. The substantive debate is focused on the question of whether or not the political parties that have emerged in the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union exhibit the types of political characteristics that allow us to conclude that they constitute a competitive multi-party system. Two distinct camps have emerged on either side of this query. One set of scholars, drawing upon traditional theories of party formation, argues that the formation of institutionalized party systems in post- Communist states will be a long and arduous process because these societies lack previous multi-party socialization. They see the current post-Soviet parties as ephemeral, lacking a firm foundation in policy differences, thus reflecting nothing more substantial than a fan club for the party's leader. On the opposite side of the argument, research from the early to mid-90s reveals a rapid rise in the proportion of post-Soviet citizens who identify with a political party and who vote for the party with which they identify. Other work also shows the development of party factions within the parliaments of the newly independent states. Collectively this research supports theories of endogenous party formation which suggest that parties, partisan support and possibly even party systems can form relatively quickly in response to contemporary political events and issue or ideological polarization. The proposed study provides the first comparative data on Russia and Ukraine that incorporates directly comparable evidence on the level of institutionalization currently attained by party organizations, parties in the electorate and the parties in government. What this proposal seeks is funding for cleaning, documenting, analyzing and releasing four recently collected data sets that deal with political parties as organizations (based on surveys with party activists) and as parties in the electorate (based on comparable surveys with ordinary citizens). These data, once they are cleaned and documented, would provide the very first comprehensive examination of party organizations in post-Soviet societies. The data will provide a benchmark for any future studies of party development in these new democracies. In addition, when combined with the survey data on ordinary citizens and parliamentary members this study promises to provide the most defmitive answer to the party formation debate outlined above. Moreover, the study promises to shed new light on the question of whether or not political parties function in a manner that provides a link between ordinary citizens and their elected representatives. Many other substantive questions could also be addressed with these data when they are released to the general academic community for secondary analysis.

最近的政治学文献反映了关于后苏联社会政党和政党制度的形成越来越多的争议。这场争论的最终结果对基本理解政党制度如何形成以及政党在发展中民主国家中发挥的作用具有影响。 实质性辩论的重点是，前苏联新独立国家中出现的政党是否表现出使我们能够得出结论认为它们构成竞争性多党制的政治特征。在这一问题的任何一方都出现了两个截然不同的阵营。一部分学者借鉴了传统的政党形成理论，认为在后共产主义国家形成制度化的政党体系将是一个漫长而艰巨的过程，因为这些社会缺乏以前的多党社会化。他们认为当前的后苏联政党是短暂的，缺乏政策分歧的坚实基础，因此只反映了该党领导人的粉丝俱乐部。 与此相反，从90年代早期到中期的研究表明，后苏联公民中认同某个政党并投票给他们认同的政党的比例迅速上升。其他工作也显示了新独立国家议会内政党派系的发展。总的来说，这项研究支持内生政党形成的理论，这表明，政党，党派支持，甚至可能是政党系统可以相对较快地形成，以应对当代政治事件和问题或意识形态极化。拟议的研究提供了关于俄罗斯和乌克兰的第一个比较数据，其中包括关于政党组织，选民中的政党和政府中的政党目前所达到的制度化水平的直接可比证据。该提案寻求的是为清理、记录、分析和发布最近收集的四组数据提供资金，这些数据涉及政党作为组织（基于对政党活动家的调查）和作为选民中的政党（基于对普通公民的可比调查）。这些数据一旦被清理和记录，将提供对后苏联社会党组织的第一次全面检查。这些数据将为未来研究这些新民主国家的政党发展提供基准。此外，当结合对普通公民和议会成员的调查数据时，这项研究有望为上述政党组建辩论提供最具说服力的答案。此外，该研究有望对政党是否以在普通公民与其当选代表之间建立联系的方式运作的问题提供新的认识。当这些数据发布给一般学术界进行二次分析时，许多其他实质性问题也可以用这些数据来解决。