The Effects of Action and Knowledge on Spatial Inference

行动和知识对空间推理的影响

• 批准号: 0214549
• 负责人: Daniel Schwartz
• 金额: $ 30万
• 依托单位: Stanford University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2002
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2002-09-01 至 2006-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0214549&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Effects; Action; Knowledge; Spatial; Inference

With National Science Foundation support, Dr. Daniel Schwartz will conduct three years of research. The funded project will examine how people integrate action and thought, particularly around the use of complex tools. The ability to use multipart tools and imagine their consequences is a uniquely human ability. For example, suppose you close your eyes and pull a string from a spool that, you believe, turns a miniature merry-go-round resting on top. As a consequence, you may also better imagine the movement of objects placed on the merry-go-round, like the benches or horses. Action facilitates imagination.The spool example suggests two central claims: (1) timing of bodily action facilitates spatial imagination about the consequences of tool use; and, (2) knowledge of a physical situation controls how timing influences a spatial inference. In the research, participants must picture themselves in a different location to judge the position of two objects with respect to each other. This judgment is facilitated by rotating a map by hand (with eyes closed). The proposed studies include various devices for turning the map at different rates: People may tap a lever that turns the map a few or many degrees at a time; they may turn a steering wheel clockwise, to make the map rotate counter-clockwise; or, they may turn an imaginary map in their hands, as though they were holding a map, although they know that they are not. The studies will clarify the significance of timing in action and the knowledge and beliefs that couple action and inferences about changing spatial relations.Most aspects of life include tool use. To understand how tool use and imagination are intertwined is to understand a fundamental aspect of human ability. Because it speaks directly to imagination, this work will supply a partial explanation of invention-how we may imagine the potential of novel tools. It also speaks to the learning, use, and transfer of knowledge about complex physical tools. Likewise the imaginative component speaks to development and application of virtual environments in which bodily motions are not actually physically connected to outcomes. Another application of this work would be for training in the use of tools, as in medical practice, for example, where a tool is not directly in view, as in orthoscopic surgery. But, perhaps, the most interesting implication of this work is how the use of hands-on materials may teach abstract ideas to children.

在国家科学基金会的支持下，丹尼尔施瓦茨博士将进行为期三年的研究。 该资助项目将研究人们如何整合行动和思想，特别是围绕复杂工具的使用。 使用多部分工具并想象其后果的能力是人类独有的能力。 例如，假设你闭上眼睛，从线轴上拉一根线，你相信，这会转动一个放在上面的微型旋转木马。 因此，你也可以更好地想象放置在旋转木马上的物体的运动，比如长凳或马。 行动促进想象：线轴的例子提出了两个核心主张：（1）身体行动的时间安排促进了关于工具使用后果的空间想象;（2）对物理情境的了解控制了时间安排如何影响空间推理。 在研究中，参与者必须想象自己在不同的位置，以判断两个物体相对于彼此的位置。 这种判断是通过用手旋转地图（闭上眼睛）来促进的。 这些研究包括以不同速度转动地图的各种装置：人们可以轻敲杠杆，每次将地图转动几度或几度;他们可以顺时针转动方向盘，使地图逆时针旋转;或者，他们可以转动手中的想象地图，就像他们拿着地图一样，尽管他们知道他们不是。 这些研究将阐明时间在行动中的重要性，以及将行动与关于改变空间关系的推断结合起来的知识和信念。 理解工具使用和想象力是如何交织在一起的，就是理解人类能力的一个基本方面。 因为它直接谈到想象力，这项工作将提供一个部分的解释发明-我们如何想象的潜力，新的工具。 它还谈到了关于复杂物理工具的知识的学习，使用和转移。 同样，想象力的组成部分谈到了虚拟环境的开发和应用，在虚拟环境中，身体运动实际上与结果没有物理联系。 这项工作的另一个应用是培训使用工具，例如在医疗实践中，工具不是直接可见的，如在矫形外科手术中。 但是，也许这项工作最有趣的意义是如何使用动手材料可以教抽象的想法给孩子们。